C. Petrogalli

Competition between wear and rolling contact fatigue at the wheel—rail interface: some experimental evidence on rail steel:

Abstract Recent studies of the rail—wheel interface have shown that wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF) are competitive phenomena. Wear, by removing the material from the contact surface, tends to limit the propagation of cracks formed by cyclic contact stresses. Several parameters influence these phenomena. This article studies the effects of various working conditions on the surface damage of railway steels. The competition between wear and RCF is particularly strong in dry rolling—sliding contacts, in which the damage severity of our test cases can be adequately predicted using the shakedown map. In wet contacts, RCF is prevalent: cracks rapidly propagate into the subsurface layer in response to hydraulic pressure penetration and then branch towards the surface causing severe damage (macroscopic pitting). The severity of this phenomenon depends strongly on the applied load and cannot be inhibited by wear due to the low friction. On the basis of these results, a general procedure is proposed to the structural integrity of rails.

Estimation Of The Dynamic Effect In The Lifting Operations Of A Boom Crane.

This paper describes a model for the study of the dynamic behavior of lifting equipments. The model here proposed allows to evaluate the fluctuations of the load arising from the elasticity of the rope and from the type of the motion command imposed by the winch. A calculation software was developed in order to determine the actual acceleration of the lifted mass and the dynamic overload inside the rope during the lifting phase. In the final part of the article an application example is presented, with the aim of showing the correlation between the magnitude of the stress and the type of the employed motion command.

Rolling Contact Fatigue and Wear Behavior of High-Performance Railway Wheel Steels Under Various Rolling-Sliding Contact Conditions

An experimental investigation was carried out to study and compare the response to cyclic loading of the high-performance railway wheel steels ER8 EN13262 and SUPERLOS®. Rolling contact tests were performed with the same contact pressure, rolling speed and sliding/rolling ratio, varying the lubrication regime to simulate different climatic conditions. The samples, machined out of wheel rims at two depths within the reprofiling layer, were coupled with UIC 900A rail steel samples. The wear rates, friction coefficients and hardness were correlated with the deformation beneath the contact surface. The crack morphology was studied, and the damage mechanisms were identified. The distribution of crack length and depth at the end of the dry tests was analyzed to quantify the damage. The main difference between the steels lies in the response of the external samples to dry contact: SUPERLOS® is subjected to a higher wear and lower friction coefficient than ER8, and this reduces the density of surface cracks that can propagate under wet contact conditions. The analysis of feedback data from in-service wheels confirmed the experimental results.

Effect of Wear on Surface Crack Propagation in Rail–Wheel Wet Contact

The interaction between wear and rolling contact fatigue in wet contact was investigated by means of experiments on a two-disk test bench. Specimens of various railway wheel steels were coupled with specimens of the same rail steel, subjected to rolling and sliding wet contact with varying sliding/rolling ratio. Some tests with a dry rolling–sliding contact phase preceding wet contact were carried out as well (dry–wet tests). The pressurization of the fluid entrapped in the surface cracks was the cause of a rapid and severe damage in the dry–wet tests, due to the nucleation of surface cracks by ratcheting in the dry phase, which subsequently propagate in the wet phase. In the wet tests, the fluid pressurization effect was much mitigated due to the absence of initial surface cracks; the specimens subjected to higher sliding/rolling ratio showed the best performance against rolling contact fatigue, due to the effect of wear in reducing the length of surface cracks. A model for assessing the interaction between wear and rolling contact fatigue was proposed, based on the correction of the classical Paris law for crack propagation by taking into account the effect of wear on crack length reduction. The application of the model to the experimental tests allowed finding a correlation between the model predictions and the occurrence of fatigue failure.

A Pin-on-Disc Study on the Wear Behaviour of Two High-Performance Railway Wheel Steels

The wear behaviour of two railway wheel steels, ER8 and SUPERLOS®, was studied through pin-on-disc tests, and the results were correlated with those previously obtained with twin-disc tests. The work-hardening of the steels was investigated with Vickers hardness measurements, and the wear mechanisms were studied using scanning electron microscopy. ER8 discs showed higher wear resistance, lower work-hardening ability and less wear damage than SUPERLOS® ones, confirming the results of the twin-disc tests. Therefore, sliding pin-on-disc experiments are recommended as a simple laboratory technique that can be used as a screening method for wheel steel performance prior to more complex and more expensive tests. The damage in both steels was due to the concomitance of oxidative wear, abrasive wear and fatigue wear. Iron oxide formation protects the steels from severe wear, whereas its detachment causes abrasive wear; furthermore, surface fatigue cracks initiate and propagate leading to the detachment of material flakes.

Experimental Investigation on the Crack Closure Phenomenon Using Barkhausen Noise Method

This paper presents an experimental investigation on a middle tension (MT) specimen made of a low carbon structural steel subjected to cyclic loading. The work was aimed to assess the effectiveness of Barkhausen Noise method in detecting the crack closure phenomenon. The Influence of probe orientation and position ahead the crack tip was examined, in order to optimize the magnetic measurements. A filtering procedure was also used to treat the Barkhausen Noise signal. A procedure was proposed to determine the crack-opening load from it. On the same specimen, some strain gauge measurements were carried out to determine the crack-opening load by the local compliance method. The results showed a good agreement of the results obtained with the two experimental techniques.

Dynamic and acoustic properties of a joisted floor

Lightweight structures find more and more applications in both vehicle and ship industries. To meet a growing demand, a variety of different types of joisted panels have been developed during the last few decades. One of the problems to deal with is the assessment of the acoustic performances of such panels once they are already mounted in their final place. In this case, it can be of importance to find a way to characterise their dynamic and acoustic properties, such as bending stiffness, internal losses and sound reduction index through non-destructive testing. A method for a quick determination of the bending stiffness of a lightweight joisted floor is presented. On the basis of the apparent bending stiffness and of the losses, it is possible to predict the sound reduction index of the panel in a fairly simple way. The results obtained from the mobility tests have been compared to the measurements carried out according to the ISO standard procedure.