Caio Abércio da Silva

Farelo de Girassol na Alimentação de Frangos de Corte em Diferentes Fases de Desenvolvimento

The aims of this work were to know the best age to feed poultry with sunflower meal (SM), to determine the best percentage of SM to feed animals in different ages and to evaluate economicall viability of SM as a feeding for poultry ration. In this experiment 480 three days old chicks were distributed in a randomized design. The experimental treatments consisted in rations with different percentages of SM (0, 4, 8 and 12%) and birds with different ages (I1= 3-21 days, I2=21-35 days and I3= 36-42 days of age). The treatments were: T1= 0% of SM inclusion on the rations at ages I1, I2 and I3; T2= 4% at ages I1, I2 and I3; T3= 8% at ages I1, I2 and I3, T4= 12% at ages I1, I2 and I3, T5=0% at age I1 and 4% at ages I2 and I3, T6=0% at age I1 and 8% at ages I2 and I3 ; T7= 0% at age I1 and 12% at ages I2 and I3, T8= 0% at ages I1, I2 and 4% at age I3, T9= 0% at ages I1, I2 and 8% at age I3; e T10= 0% at ages I1, I2 and 12% at age I3. Statistical analyses were carried out in factorial schemes 4x2, 7x2 and 10x2 to evaluate characteristic weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion rate at 3-21, 3-35 and 3-42 days, respectively. There were no treatments effects on weight gain and on feed intake in the birds age. At 3-35 days of age, treatments T1 and T7 provided respectively the best and the worst feed conversion rate. The lowest production cost was obtained when the animals were fed at treatment T8.

Fatores de risco associados a soropositividade para leptospirose em matrizes suínas

Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis of great social and economic importance for swine production sistem. Two hundred and ninety-eight sows from farms in the north of Parana state were studied to individualize management practices or environmental condition that are related to risk of leptospirosis infection. All the animals were submitted to the microscopic seroaglutination test and an epidemiological questionnaire was filled out for each one to investigate variables that could be associated with this infection. The results were submitted to the c2 test, followed by multivariate analysis. Antibody titers of >100 were detected in 132 sows (44.3%) most frequently against icterohaemorrhagiae serovar (98.5%). The final model of multivariate analysis showed the risk factors to be flooded areas near the installation (OR=1.73; 1.04<IC95%<2.80), canal type water source (OR=1.58; 0.98<IC95%<2.55) and absence of cleaning of the water reservoirs (OR=2.25; 0.79<IC95%<6.43).

Effect of cross-fostering and oral supplementation with colostrums on performance of newborn piglets.

The aim of the experiment was to study the effect on litter performance of two oral supplementation strategies on piglets born weighing 1.35 kg or less (SP; CON: no oral supplementation; COL: supplementation with 15 mL of sow colostrum orally administered to piglets within 4 h after the farrowing was completed). Two levels of cross-fostering strategies, performed 24 h after farrowing, were also studied (HL: litters fixed at 12 piglets, ensuring that less than 50% of the piglets of the litter were SP; LL: litters fixed at 12 piglets, with most of the piglets of the litter being SP; in both cases the aim was to minimize moving piglets from one sow to another as much as possible). The combination of the 2 management strategies described above resulted in a 2 × 2 factorial model. Forty-six litters were used. Litters were allocated to 1 of the 4 treatments: CON-HL, CON-LL, COL-HL, and COL-LL. Piglets were weighed on d 1 and 19 postpartum. Mortality was recorded. On d 4 postpartum, a 2-mL blood sample was obtained from 79 SP piglets born from multiparous sows included in the experiment. To obtain a negative control group, blood samples were obtained on d 4 postpartum from 8 additional SP piglets that were separated from their mothers at birth and bottle fed with milk replacement for 12 h. LL sows had lower within-litter CV of BW at d 1 than HL sows (16.2% vs. 21.9% ± 0.91%; P = 0.003), but they did not differ for litter CV of BW at d 19 (23.2% vs. 23.4% ± 1.72%). At d 19, HL sows had fewer dead piglets per litter than LL sows (0.80 vs. 1.69 ± 0.307; P = 0.022), and COL-HL sows had fewer dead piglets per litter than CON-HL (0.47 vs. 1.14 ± 0.160; P = 0.062). Cross-fostering SP in the same litter did not prevent a litters CV of BW from increasing at weaning. Piglets from the COL group had higher IgG concentration than piglets from the CON group (P = 0.001). However, piglets from the negative control group had lower IgG concentration than those from the COL and CON groups (5.41 ± 2.320 vs. 30.60 ± 1.582 and 21.53 ± 0.951 mg/mL, respectively; P < 0.001 in both cases). Allocating small piglets to the same litter through cross-fostering had a negative effect on mortality and did not improve litter CV of BW at weaning. Colostrum supplementation of SP piglets improved IgG blood level on d 4. In addition, in nonhomogenized litters, colostrum supplementation of SP piglets might be a good management strategy to improve litter performance.

Inclusão de farelo de gérmen de milho desengordurado na alimentação de frangos de corte

Two trials were carried out to evaluate the effects of feeding of increasing defatted corn germ meal (DCGM) levels to broilers. In the first trial, for determination of nutritional value by method of total excreta collection, 120 19-day old broilers were allotted to a completely randomized design with three treatments and four replications of 10 birds each. The treatments consisted of corn and soybean meal-based diets with increasing DCGM levels: 0, 20, and 40%. Mean values of coefficients of metabolization of DM, CF, CP, EE, and metabolizable energy adjusted for nitrogen balance were (as-fed basis): 60.99%, 16.73%, 53.80%, 82.71%, and 2413 kcal/kg, respectively. In the performance trial, 480 4-day old chicks were assigned to a completely randomized design with five treatments and eight replications (four of each sex) of 12 birds. The treatments consisted of corn and soybean meal-based diets with increasing DCGM levels: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%. Linear increasing effect of DCGM on weight gain and feed intake and decreasing linear effect on feed:gain ratio were observed. Feeding DCGM is viable up to 20% level to broiler performance with no changes on carcass traits.

Phytic acid protects porcine intestinal epithelial cells from deoxynivalenol (DON) cytotoxicity

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of phytic acid (IP(6)) as a possible inhibitor of cellular damage induced by toxic substances such as mycotoxins on a porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-1). We first observed that a dose of 5 mM phytic acid decreases cell viability and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of cell monolayer. We next investigate the effect of non-cytotoxic dose of phytic acid on the deoxinivalenol (DON) induced decreased TEER. We showed that treatment with 0.5 mM or 1.0 mM phytic acid restores the decrease in TEER caused by 25 μM DON. In conclusion this study demonstrates that phytic acid decreased the negative effects of deoxynivalenol on the membrane integrity of the IPEC-1 intestinal epithelial cell line.

Utilização da torta de girassol na alimentação de suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação: efeitos no desempenho e nas características de carcaça

Forty-eight (24 barrows and 24 females) Landrace x Large White pigs (averaging 22.69 kg of initial body weight) were assigned to four treatments to evaluate the effect of feeding sunflower cake (SC) on performance and carcass characteristics for swine in the growing and finishing phases. The following increasing dietary levels of sunflower cake (SC) were used: (0, 5, 10 and 15%). Daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake (DFI) and feed:gain ratio (FGR)in the growing I (20 to 50 kg body weight), growing II (50 to 80 kg body weight) and finishing phases (80 to 100 kg body weight) were evaluated. At slaughter, the following carcass characteristics were evaluated: carcass weight (CW), carcass yield (CY), backfat depth (BD), muscle depth (MD), loin eye area (LA), carcass length (LC), carcass meat yield (YPC) and carcass meat (MC). No significant differences were detected among treatments in all phases, but significant effects on DWG for barrows in all phases and on DFI for barrows in the finishing phase and overall period (20 to 100 kg body weight) were observed, with the best values of DWG and DFI. No significant effect on carcass characteristics among treatments was observed. The barrows showed greater values of BD, MC and LC than females, that had greater YPC than barrows. It is possible to include up 15% SC in swine diet during the growing and finishing phases to obtain good results of performance and carcass characteristics. The best economic efficiency rate was obtained with the inclusion of 15% SC in the diet.

Farelo de girassol na alimentação de suínos em crescimento e terminação: digestibilidade, desempenho e efeitos na qualidade de carcaça

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate sunflower meal (SM) as swine feeding on growing and finishing phases. In experiment 1, eight barrows with 30.41kg liveweight were allocated in metabolic individual cages to evaluate the digestibility of sunflower meal. In experiment 2 a total of 48 pigs (24 barrows and 24 females), Large White x Landrace cross, were allotted to four treatments: diet without SM, diet with 7% of SM, diet with 14% of SM and diet with 21% of SM. The animals were evaluated from 25.82kg to 92.33kg liveweight. Daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake (DFI) and feed gain ratio (FGR) were evaluated during four periods (growing I, growing II, finishing and total period). All animals were slaughtered and submitted to an electronic carcass evaluation at the end of the experiment. The backfat depth (BP), muscle depth (MD), carcass weight (CW), lean meat percentage (LM), kilogram of lean meat (KLM) and carcass yield (CY) were evaluated. The digestible and metabolizable energy values of SM were 2171 and 2036 kcal/kg, respectively. There were no regression effect on performance characteristics for the levels of SM. There were significant differences for sex factor. The barrows were better to DWG and DFI during the growing phase II and total period. There were no regression effect on carcass characteristics for the levels of SM however, BD and CW characteristics were significantly greater for barrows than females. The rations cost was similar among treatments. In inclusion, the rations up to 21% of SM for growing and finishing pigs, did not affect performance and carcass characteristics.

Farelo de gérmen de milho desengordurado na alimentação de suínos em crescimento e terminação

The use of defatted corn germ meal (DCGM) for swine feeds was evaluated by two experiments. The first experiment was represented by a digestibility test with two treatments and four replicates, where eight pigs were allocated in metabolic cages during 12 days and submitted a total feces and urine collect. The second experiment aimed to evaluate the performance on growing I (20 to 50 Kg live weight), growing II (50 to 80 kg live weight) and finishing (80 to 100 Kg live weight) phases towards different inclusion of DCGM in feeding. Forty eight crossbred pigs were used, 24 barrows and 24 females, with 61± 2.2 days placed stalls. The experimental design was based in random block with 4 treatments and 6 repetitions. Each repetition was represented for two pigs. The treatments were represented by inclusion of 0, 10, 20 and 30% of DGCM in feeding, in growing and finishing phases. All animals were slaughtered and submitted to an electronic carcass evaluation at the end of the experiment. Backfat depth, muscle depth, carcass yield, lean meat percentage and kilogram of lean meat were evaluated. An economic analysis by different treatments was realized. The digestible and metabolizable energy values of DCGM were 2.097 and 2.078 Kcal/Kg, respectively. There was a linear effect with the DCGM inclusion related to the daily feed intake (Y=2.80335-0.01709X) and daily weight gain (Y=2.788-0.0132383X) in phases of growing II and about daily feed intake (Y=3.02077-0.0193317X) in the finishing phase. Daily weight gain was not affected by DCGM levels. There were no effects to carcass characteristics. The economical parameters were not influenced by DCGM inclusion. The DCGM can be included in growing and finishing feeds for swine up to 30%.

Efeito da ractopamina na performance e na fisiologia do suíno

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a inclusao de diferentes niveis de ractopamina em racoes de suinos em fase de terminacao, durante 21 dias pre-abate, sobre as caracteristicas de desem- penho, carcaca, qualidade de carne e sobre parâmetros fisiologicos e sanguineos indicado- res de bem-estar. Foram utilizados 36 suinos comerciais, 18 machos castrados e 18 femeas, com peso medio inicial de 87,0±5,02 kg, alimenta- dos ad libitum com racoes isonutrientes, com 0, 10 e 20 ppm de ractopamina. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, fatorial 3 x 2, com seis repeticoes para os parâmetros de desempenho e 12 repeticoes para os demais parâmetros. Houve efeito linear (p<0,05) positivo para o ganho de peso e para a conversao alimen- tar e efeito quadratico (ponto de minima de 9,4 ppm de ractopamina) para o consumo de racao. Para os parâmetros de carcaca houve efeito quadratico para o rendimento de carcaca (com ponto de maxima para 9,5 ppm de ractopamina). O valor de a*(componente vermelho-verde), c*(indice de saturacao) e marmoreio apresentaram efeito linear negativo. O diâmetro da fibra muscular do musculo L. dorsi e o ângulo de tonalidade (h*) apresentaram efeito linear positivo para os niveis de ractopamina. Outros parâmetros relacionados a qualidade da carne nao foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos, resultando em carnes livres de PSE e DFD. A ractopamina pode ser utilizada nas racoes de suinos ate 20 ppm com efeitos positivos no desempenho e na carcaca, sem alteracoes no comportamento dos animais e comprometimentos na qualidade da carne.

Farelo de gérmen de milho desengordurado na dieta de poedeiras comerciais de 28 a 44 semanas de idade

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of including defatted corn germ meal in diets for laying hens. It was assigned two hundred and forty laying hens to a randomized design, with six diets and five replicates of eight hens per diet. Experimental diets were formulated by inclusion of defatted corn germ meal at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30% level. The period experiment was carried out for four 28-day cycles and performance (feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion) and the egg quality (egg specific gravity, yolk color, yolk and albumen percentages, shell percentages, shell thickness and Haugh unity) were the evaluated parameters. Negative linear effect was observed for feed intake and yolk pigmentation by increasingly including defatted corn germ meal in diets for laying hens. Quadratic effect of defatted corn germ meal for feed conversion was also observed. No statistical differences were observed for any other parameters. Defatted corn germ meal can be included at 21.2% in laying hens diets.