João Waine Pinheiro

The effect of management of transport and lairage conditions on broiler chicken breast meat quality and DOA (Death on Arrival)

The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of time of broiler chicken transportation and laira ge prior to slaughtering on the occurrence of PSE (Pale, Soft, Exudative) meat and Death On Arrival (DOA) under no ncommercial conditions in the Brazilian summer. Male birds (n=250) from a commercial line were subjecte d to different periods of journey (30, 90, and 180 min) and lairage (0, 90, and 180 min) before slaughterin g. The occurrence of PSE was higher in broilers subjected to shorter journeys and lairage periods, whereas DO A was more pronounced upon longer periods of transport an d lairage. The DOA occurrence percentage was much h in comparison to commercially available figures, co nfirming that broiler chickens are very sensitive tboth transport and lairage maneuvers.

Farelo de Girassol na Alimentação de Frangos de Corte em Diferentes Fases de Desenvolvimento

The aims of this work were to know the best age to feed poultry with sunflower meal (SM), to determine the best percentage of SM to feed animals in different ages and to evaluate economicall viability of SM as a feeding for poultry ration. In this experiment 480 three days old chicks were distributed in a randomized design. The experimental treatments consisted in rations with different percentages of SM (0, 4, 8 and 12%) and birds with different ages (I1= 3-21 days, I2=21-35 days and I3= 36-42 days of age). The treatments were: T1= 0% of SM inclusion on the rations at ages I1, I2 and I3; T2= 4% at ages I1, I2 and I3; T3= 8% at ages I1, I2 and I3, T4= 12% at ages I1, I2 and I3, T5=0% at age I1 and 4% at ages I2 and I3, T6=0% at age I1 and 8% at ages I2 and I3 ; T7= 0% at age I1 and 12% at ages I2 and I3, T8= 0% at ages I1, I2 and 4% at age I3, T9= 0% at ages I1, I2 and 8% at age I3; e T10= 0% at ages I1, I2 and 12% at age I3. Statistical analyses were carried out in factorial schemes 4x2, 7x2 and 10x2 to evaluate characteristic weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion rate at 3-21, 3-35 and 3-42 days, respectively. There were no treatments effects on weight gain and on feed intake in the birds age. At 3-35 days of age, treatments T1 and T7 provided respectively the best and the worst feed conversion rate. The lowest production cost was obtained when the animals were fed at treatment T8.

Inclusão de farelo de gérmen de milho desengordurado na alimentação de frangos de corte

Two trials were carried out to evaluate the effects of feeding of increasing defatted corn germ meal (DCGM) levels to broilers. In the first trial, for determination of nutritional value by method of total excreta collection, 120 19-day old broilers were allotted to a completely randomized design with three treatments and four replications of 10 birds each. The treatments consisted of corn and soybean meal-based diets with increasing DCGM levels: 0, 20, and 40%. Mean values of coefficients of metabolization of DM, CF, CP, EE, and metabolizable energy adjusted for nitrogen balance were (as-fed basis): 60.99%, 16.73%, 53.80%, 82.71%, and 2413 kcal/kg, respectively. In the performance trial, 480 4-day old chicks were assigned to a completely randomized design with five treatments and eight replications (four of each sex) of 12 birds. The treatments consisted of corn and soybean meal-based diets with increasing DCGM levels: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%. Linear increasing effect of DCGM on weight gain and feed intake and decreasing linear effect on feed:gain ratio were observed. Feeding DCGM is viable up to 20% level to broiler performance with no changes on carcass traits.

Utilização da torta de girassol na alimentação de suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação: efeitos no desempenho e nas características de carcaça

Forty-eight (24 barrows and 24 females) Landrace x Large White pigs (averaging 22.69 kg of initial body weight) were assigned to four treatments to evaluate the effect of feeding sunflower cake (SC) on performance and carcass characteristics for swine in the growing and finishing phases. The following increasing dietary levels of sunflower cake (SC) were used: (0, 5, 10 and 15%). Daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake (DFI) and feed:gain ratio (FGR)in the growing I (20 to 50 kg body weight), growing II (50 to 80 kg body weight) and finishing phases (80 to 100 kg body weight) were evaluated. At slaughter, the following carcass characteristics were evaluated: carcass weight (CW), carcass yield (CY), backfat depth (BD), muscle depth (MD), loin eye area (LA), carcass length (LC), carcass meat yield (YPC) and carcass meat (MC). No significant differences were detected among treatments in all phases, but significant effects on DWG for barrows in all phases and on DFI for barrows in the finishing phase and overall period (20 to 100 kg body weight) were observed, with the best values of DWG and DFI. No significant effect on carcass characteristics among treatments was observed. The barrows showed greater values of BD, MC and LC than females, that had greater YPC than barrows. It is possible to include up 15% SC in swine diet during the growing and finishing phases to obtain good results of performance and carcass characteristics. The best economic efficiency rate was obtained with the inclusion of 15% SC in the diet.

Farelo de girassol na alimentação de suínos em crescimento e terminação: digestibilidade, desempenho e efeitos na qualidade de carcaça

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate sunflower meal (SM) as swine feeding on growing and finishing phases. In experiment 1, eight barrows with 30.41kg liveweight were allocated in metabolic individual cages to evaluate the digestibility of sunflower meal. In experiment 2 a total of 48 pigs (24 barrows and 24 females), Large White x Landrace cross, were allotted to four treatments: diet without SM, diet with 7% of SM, diet with 14% of SM and diet with 21% of SM. The animals were evaluated from 25.82kg to 92.33kg liveweight. Daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake (DFI) and feed gain ratio (FGR) were evaluated during four periods (growing I, growing II, finishing and total period). All animals were slaughtered and submitted to an electronic carcass evaluation at the end of the experiment. The backfat depth (BP), muscle depth (MD), carcass weight (CW), lean meat percentage (LM), kilogram of lean meat (KLM) and carcass yield (CY) were evaluated. The digestible and metabolizable energy values of SM were 2171 and 2036 kcal/kg, respectively. There were no regression effect on performance characteristics for the levels of SM. There were significant differences for sex factor. The barrows were better to DWG and DFI during the growing phase II and total period. There were no regression effect on carcass characteristics for the levels of SM however, BD and CW characteristics were significantly greater for barrows than females. The rations cost was similar among treatments. In inclusion, the rations up to 21% of SM for growing and finishing pigs, did not affect performance and carcass characteristics.

Farelo de gérmen de milho desengordurado na alimentação de suínos em crescimento e terminação

The use of defatted corn germ meal (DCGM) for swine feeds was evaluated by two experiments. The first experiment was represented by a digestibility test with two treatments and four replicates, where eight pigs were allocated in metabolic cages during 12 days and submitted a total feces and urine collect. The second experiment aimed to evaluate the performance on growing I (20 to 50 Kg live weight), growing II (50 to 80 kg live weight) and finishing (80 to 100 Kg live weight) phases towards different inclusion of DCGM in feeding. Forty eight crossbred pigs were used, 24 barrows and 24 females, with 61± 2.2 days placed stalls. The experimental design was based in random block with 4 treatments and 6 repetitions. Each repetition was represented for two pigs. The treatments were represented by inclusion of 0, 10, 20 and 30% of DGCM in feeding, in growing and finishing phases. All animals were slaughtered and submitted to an electronic carcass evaluation at the end of the experiment. Backfat depth, muscle depth, carcass yield, lean meat percentage and kilogram of lean meat were evaluated. An economic analysis by different treatments was realized. The digestible and metabolizable energy values of DCGM were 2.097 and 2.078 Kcal/Kg, respectively. There was a linear effect with the DCGM inclusion related to the daily feed intake (Y=2.80335-0.01709X) and daily weight gain (Y=2.788-0.0132383X) in phases of growing II and about daily feed intake (Y=3.02077-0.0193317X) in the finishing phase. Daily weight gain was not affected by DCGM levels. There were no effects to carcass characteristics. The economical parameters were not influenced by DCGM inclusion. The DCGM can be included in growing and finishing feeds for swine up to 30%.

Farelo de gérmen de milho desengordurado na dieta de poedeiras comerciais de 28 a 44 semanas de idade

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of including defatted corn germ meal in diets for laying hens. It was assigned two hundred and forty laying hens to a randomized design, with six diets and five replicates of eight hens per diet. Experimental diets were formulated by inclusion of defatted corn germ meal at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30% level. The period experiment was carried out for four 28-day cycles and performance (feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion) and the egg quality (egg specific gravity, yolk color, yolk and albumen percentages, shell percentages, shell thickness and Haugh unity) were the evaluated parameters. Negative linear effect was observed for feed intake and yolk pigmentation by increasingly including defatted corn germ meal in diets for laying hens. Quadratic effect of defatted corn germ meal for feed conversion was also observed. No statistical differences were observed for any other parameters. Defatted corn germ meal can be included at 21.2% in laying hens diets.

Edulcorante na água de consumo e efeitos sobre o desempenho e o desenvolvimento da mucosa intestinal de leitões submetidos ao desmame precoce segregado

An experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate the effects of the induction of the drinking water with sweetener consumption in the nursery phase (10th to 30th day of age), on the performance of 270 piglets (male and females) submitted to segregated early weaned and its residual effects on their pre nursery (30th to 45th day) and nursery phases (45th to 62nd day) were evaluated. A completely randomized design in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement with three treatments with two sexes and three replications were used from 10 to 30 days of age of the piglets. The treatment were: T1- drinking water without sweetener; T2 - drinking water with sweetener and T3 - drinking water with and without sweetener simultaneously offered. Average daily gain, daily feed intake and feed: gain was recorded at 30th, 45th and 62nd days. Daily drinking water consumption was recorded only from the 10th to 30th day. Six piglets per treatment were slaughtered at the 22nd day and a medium part of the duodenum and jejunum samples were collected to measure villi height and crypt depth. Diarrhea incidence was observed up to 10 days after weaning. It was not observed differences for the studied variables, except for average daily gain and daily feed intake from 30th to 45th and 45th to 62nd days phases and for average daily gain from 10th to 62nd days that favored the female piglets. The use of drinking water with sweetener did not affect the water consumption, the piglet performance and the mucosa intestinal quality.

Características das fibras musculares do L. dorsi e qualidade da carne de suínos de quatro linhagens

The aim of this paper was to analyze the myofiber characteristics of four distinct genetic pork groups and correlate them with the meat quality. 46 animals (23 barrows and 23 females) from four genetic lines were used, representing the experimental treatments: high-lean commercial cross-bred line; commercial cross-bred line selected for ends of prolificacy, non selected genetic line and crossbred animals (Landrace x Large White). Were analyzed the sarcomere length, myofiber differentiation, myofiber number and diameter and meat quality (colour, marbling and dripping loss). It was used a complete randomized design with a 4x2 factorial arrangement (4 genetic lines and 2 sexes). The high-lean commercial cross-bred line, commercial cross-bred line selected for ends of prolificacy and Landrace x Large White animals presented greater myofiber number than non selected animals (p<0.05). Landrace x Large White animals presented the greatest cell diameter and non selected animals and commercial cross-bred line selected for ends of prolificacy animals presented the smallest averages for this trait (p<0.05). There were no differences among genetic lines for sarcomere length. The commercial cross-bred line selected for ends of prolificacy animals had less glicolitic fibers percentage and more intermediate fiber percentage (p<0.05) than the other genetic groups. The high-lean commercial cross-bred line and commercial cross-bred line selected for ends of prolificacy had the greatest (p<0.05) and the smallest (p<0.05) dripping loss values, respec-tively. Non selected animals presented the greatest marbling value and the darkest meat (p<0.05), while they showed more intramuscular-fat than high-lean commercial cross-bred line animals (p<0.05) and showed the darker meat (p<0.05). Barrows presented lighter paler meat than females. The correlation analysis indicates that the myofiber number was positively associated with dripping loss values and lightness. It also indicates that muscle with greater glicolitic fiber present greater marbling value. In this way we conclude that the myofiber number and type are related with meat quality characteristics. Breeds with greater myofiber number have less intramuscular fat, lighter muscles and smaller water holding capacity, but it was not observed correlation among myofiber number and glicolitic fiber percentage.