Carine Lisete Glienke

Avaliação de espécies forrageiras de inverno na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the herbage production of cool season forage species and cultivars from Instituto Nacional de Investigacion Agropecuaria- INIA/Uruguay breeding program. The following species and cultivars were evaluated: Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.): Cetus, Estanzuela 284 and Titan; Oats (Avena byzantina): RLE 115a and 1095a; White clover (Trifolium repens L.): Estanzuela Zapican; Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.): Estanzuela 116 and Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) Sao Gabriel. Dry matter production, structural components percentage and production, canopy height, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein percentages were determined. It was used a split-plot arrangement in a randomized block design, where the subplots were the evaluation dates, with four replications. Among the grasses, Italian ryegrass Titan presented the greatest herbage production of DM, with 7.2 t/ha and higher leaf proportion. The production of Birdsfoot trefoil and Red clover were similar and had greater DM production than White clover. The tested species and cultivars were adapted to the local conditions, even with rainfall deficit occurrence during the experimental period.

Concentrate supplementation for beef heifers on cool-season cultivated pastures

Com o objetivo de avaliar as relacoes nao-aparentes em estudos individuais foram analisadas em conjunto variaveis provenientes de nove experimentos realizados com diversos niveis e tipos de suplementos para novilhas de corte em pastagens cultivadas de estacao fria. Os dados foram estratificados em dois grupos: com e sem suplemento concentrado. A massa de forragem e a oferta de lâminas foliares, assim como a estrutura do dossel (altura e relacao folha:colmo), foram semelhantes entre os grupos com e sem suplementacao. As novilhas que receberam suplemento consumiram pasto com menor teor de fibra em detergente neutro e apresentaram maior ganho medio diario. A suplementacao aumentou em 33,3% o consumo total de materia seca. Para cada kg consumido de MS do concentrado, o consumo de MS do pasto reduziu 0,7 kg. A eficiencia de transformacao da forragem foi semelhante entre os grupos com ou sem suplementacao, com valor medio de 9,5 kg de MS da forragem/kg de peso corporal ganho. As novilhas que receberam suplemento ingeriram 6,4 kg de MS do suplemento a cada kg de ganho adicional. O uso de suplemento concentrado permitiu o aumento da taxa de lotacao e do ganho de peso por area. Novilhas sob suplementacao com concentrado apresentam maiores pesos corporais, maiores alturas de cernelha e maiores escores de condicao corporal no final do periodo de utilizacao da pastagem.

Ingestive behavior and displacement patterns of beef heifers on Italian ryegrass pasture

The effect of supplementation on ingestive behavior and displacement patterns of beef heifers grazing on Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture was evaluated. The grazing method was continuous with variable stocking rate. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures on time. The supplement utilized was a commercial ration (17% CP, 21.4% NDF), daily supplied at 2 pm, in the proportion of 1% of body weight. The evaluations were made through visual observations, in four continuous periods of 24 hours. There was no difference in the bite rate between heifers with and without supplement and bite rate was higher at the end of the period of pasture utilization. Supplemented animals increased bite mass. The number of stations/minute, bites/station and the displacement patterns was influenced by forage changes along the occupation period. The ingestive behavior and displacement patterns of heifers are modified by supplementation and structural variation of the grass along its biological cycle. In the reproductive stage of Italian ryegrass, grazing time, daily number of bites and, feeding stations and time for station are similar between not supplemented and supplemented heifers.

Comportamento ingestivo de novilhas de corte em pastagem de gramíneas anuais de estação quente

The experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating attributes of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) and Alexander grass (Urochloa plantaginea) pastures and to relate them with ingestive behavior of beef heifers. The experimental design was complete randomized, with repeated measures over time, with two treatments and two area replications. Grazing method was continuos stocking and variable number of animals to keep canopy height at 40 cm. Mass of leaf blade, stem and dead material, forage accumulation rate, leaf/stem ratio, offer of forage and leaf blade, content of neutral detergent fiber were all similar in pearl millet and Alexander grass. Alexander grass presented higher stem bulk density in the 0-15 cm stratum. The density of dead material in the 0-15 cm stratum and the densities of leaf blade, stem and dead material in 15-30 cm, 30-45 cm and more than 45 cm in height strata were similar in millet and Alexander grass. The ingestive behavior of heifers, measured by grazing, rumination and idle times, bite rate, bite weight, bite per feeding station, feeding stations per minute and rate of displacement was similar when animals were kept in pearl millet or alexandergrass pastures. Multiple regression equations, considering atributes of pasture, grazing and climate showed determination coefficients greater than 0.70 for grazing time, bite mass, bite by feeding station, feeding station per minute, rate of displacement and they can be used as predictors of the ingestive behavior of beef heifers in pearl millet or alexandergrass pastures.The experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating attributes of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum) and Alexander grass (Urochloa plantaginea) pastures and to relate them with ingestive behavior of beef heifers. The experimental design was complete randomized, with repeated measures over time, with two treatments and two area replications. Grazing method was continuos stocking and variable number of animals to keep canopy height at 40 cm. Mass of leaf blade, stem and dead material, forage accumulation rate, leaf/stem ratio, offer of forage and leaf blade, content of neutral detergent fiber were all similar in pearl millet and Alexander grass. Alexander grass presented higher stem bulk density in the 0-15 cm stratum. The density of dead material in the 0-15 cm stratum and the densities of leaf blade, stem and dead material in 15-30 cm, 30-45 cm and more than 45 cm in height strata were similar in millet and Alexander grass. The ingestive behavior of heifers, measured by grazing, rumination and idle times, bite rate, bite weight, bite per feeding station, feeding stations per minute and rate of displacement was similar when animals were kept in pearl millet or alexandergrass pastures. Multiple regression equations, considering atributes of pasture, grazing and climate showed determination coefficients greater than 0.70 for grazing time, bite mass, bite by feeding station, feeding station per minute, rate of displacement and they can be used as predictors of the ingestive behavior of beef heifers in pearl millet or alexandergrass pastures.

Grazing ecology of female lambs on Italian ryegrass plus red clover pasture under different defoliation intensities

The relationship between pasture dynamics and ingestive behavior of female lambs was studied on Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) plus red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) mixture under a range of defoliation intensities. Rotational grazing was used and the grazing interval was determined by the thermal sum of 313 degree days. The initial pre-grazing canopy height disappearance values were 65 (very high), 58 (high), 47 (medium) and 37% (low). The sward vertical structure was similar among defoliation intensities. The forage allowance decreased linearly as defoliation intensities increased, with 0.35 bite/minute reduction for each 1% increase in forage allowance. The bite rate and number of bites/feeding station decreased with reduced contribution of leaves in the sward structure. It was associated, respectively, with an increase and a decrease of NDF and CP levels in forage as grazed by female lambs. The pasture cycle proves to be more important than defoliation intensities as a source for changes in feeding stations and displacement patterns of female lambs.

Structural and morphogenical characteristics of black oats and Italian ryegrass on pasture submitted to two grazing intensities

Morphogenical and structural characteristics of black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) on pastures managed under two grazing intensities were quantified by using marked tiller technique. The expected intensities of disappearance of forage mass initial value were 35% (low) and 65% (high). Experimental animals were sheep and interval among grazing was determined through 300 degree-day thermal sum. The experimental design was completely randomized with two grazing intensities and two replicates. Leaf blades of oats and ryegrass were removed at an average proportion of 57.5% of their initial length for both grazing intensities. Among the morphogenical characteristics of oats, only elongation rate of defoliate leaf differed between grazing intensities, with values of 0.059 and 0.081 cm/degree-day for low and high intensities, respectively. Grazing intensities did not alter structural characteristics of oats mixed with ryegrass and red clover. High grazing intensity enables maintenance of a higher number of ryegrass expanding leaves (1.7 leaves/tiller), thus it is suggested for management of pastures with oats mixed with Italian ryegrass and red-clover on intermittent grazing.

Produtividade de sistemas forrageiros consorciados com leguminosas

The objective of this research was to evaluate three grazing systems (GS) with elephant grass (EG) + ryegrass (RG) + spontaneous growing species (SGS); EG + RG + SGS + forage peanut (FP); and EG + RG + SGS + red clover (RC), in order to use the area in rotational grazing during the agricultural year. EG was planted in rows with a distance of 4m between each row. In the cool-season, RG was sowed between EG rows and FP was preserved on GS. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments (GS), two replicates (paddocks) and independent evaluations (grazing cycles). For the evaluation lactating Holstein cows receiving 1% of BW/day feed supplement concentrate were used. The herbage mass, botanical composition of pasture, structural component of EG and stocking rate were evaluated. Eight grazing cycles were performed during the experimental period. Grazing systems involving grass and legume forage in different cycles provided the use of the area during the agricultural year in rotational grazing with dairy cattle. Considering the predominance of the evaluations in each grazing, the mixed grazing systems have better results for both forage mass and stocking rate variables.

Desenvolvimento de bezerras de corte após a desmama sob níveis de concentrado

It was evaluated the performance of beef heifers receiving different levels of supplement: 0; 0.3; 0.6 and 0.9% of body weight day-1, in black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) plus Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and two area replicates. Beef heifers from different treatments had access to the same forage allowance (herbage mass and supply of green leaves). Increases on supplement quantity positively interfered on average daily gain, stocking rate, weight gain per area and forage transformation efficiency. Supplemented heifers had greater weight and body condition at 13 months of age than the non supplemented ones. In black oats plus Italian ryegrass pasture, providing up to 0.9% of body weight of the animal concentrate supplementation is an alternative for obtaining heavier heifers and in better body condition score.

Alternatives of utilization of Italian ryegrass pasture for rearing of beef heifers.

The beef heifers performance from eight to twelve months of age was evaluated in exclusive Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture, ryegrass plus red clover (Trifolium pratense) LE 116 or in ryegrass pasture receiving supplement in proportion of 1% BW. The continuous grazing method with variable stocking rate was used. The supplement used was a commercial ration, with 17% of crude protein, 23.6% of neutral detergent fiber and 59.6% of total digestible nutrients. The means values of forage mass and offer and leaf blade offer were 1327.2 kg/ha of DM and 10.5 and 3.7 kg of DM/100 kg of BW, respectively. The daily body weight gain was similar for beef heifers receiving supplement or in Italian ryegrass plus red clover, with mean value of 1039 grams. The stocking rate and body gain per area were higher when animals were supplemented. The use of supplementation for grazing heifers caused additive effect on the total dry matter intake and replacement in the grass dry matter intake.

Padrões de deslocamento de bezerras de corte que receberam suplementos isolipídicos em pastagem de azevém

The use of feeding stations, displacement patterns and bite rate of beef heifers kept exclusively on Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) or receiving supplements (corn grain or fat) were evaluated. The grazing method was continuous with a variable number of animals. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with repeated time measures. The number of bites per feeding station is similar when heifers receive supplement or not. The prediction equations show that the mass of leaf lamina has greater influence on the time per feeding station when heifers remain exclusively grazing ryegrass or receive corn grain as a supplement, while for calves that receive fat this variable is influenced by forage allowance. The displacement (steps between stations and steps per minute) of heifers exclusively on ryegrass or receiving corn grain is influenced by the structure and quality of grass. The bite rate of heifers supplemented with corn grain and fat is influenced by the proportion of leaf lamina in the sward. Multiple regression equations considering the attributes of grass and pasture can be used as models to predict the use of feeding stations, displacement and bite rate of beef heifers.