Carlisle George

EROSI—visualising recursion and discovering new errors

This paper introduces a novel software visualisation aid, the EROSI (Explicit Representer Of Subprogram Invocations) tutor, hypothesised to support the acquisition (by novice programmers) of a mental model to facilitate the comprehension and use of recursion as a problem solving technique. Novices found the EROSI tutor easy to use, interesting and a valuable visualisation aid to forming correct mental models of recursive processes. Studies concluded that although novices many have a correct mental model of recursion, various errors and misconceptions (identified) due to exogenous factors affect their ability to complete recursive tasks.

Ethical, legal and social issues in medical informatics.

The utilization of information and communication technologies in almost all spheres of modern society has changed the social picture in significant ways while simultaneously leading to tensions with regard to traditional ethical and legal practices—particularly given the global context of its application. Where these technologies impact on the practice and implementation of healthcare, it is vital to recognize the extent and nature of the ethical, legal, and social impact both at the level of professional practice and the patient. Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Medical Informatics presents a fundamental compendium of research on the ethical, social, and legal issues facing the healthcare industry as it adopts information technologies to provide fast, efficient, and cost effective healthcare. An essential resource for every reference library, this comprehensive book offers a multidisciplinary perspective, drawing from the expertise of a wide variety of global industries including law, ethics, medicine, philosophy, and computer science.

eHealth: Legal, Ethical and Governance Challenges

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Issues and challenges in securing interoperability of DRM systems in the digital music market

Abstract In the digital music market (and accompanying digital players), use of different digital rights management (DRM) systems, have effectively locked-in consumers to proprietary technologies of respective companies. Currently, no single DRM standard exists for digital music, therefore, music purchased from one competitor may not be compatible with another competitors jukebox software or digital player. There is little incentive for leading competitors to license their technology or provide support for other technologies to enable interoperability of different technologies. Consequently, consumers purchasing from such competitors in-effect become locked into their proprietary technology and its accompanying DRM systems. This paper examines the consequences of such market behaviour focusing on the most popular music store iTunes (owned by Apple), its dominance in the industry and the implications of Apples decision not to open its FairPlay DRM scheme that controls all music purchased from iTunes. It discusses the attempt by RealNetworks to secure interoperability with Apples FairPlay scheme and the resultant response of Apple. Finally, it examines the potential benefits, problems and legal issues raised by the actions of RealNetworks and argues for interoperability.

Using visualization to aid program construction tasks

This paper discusses how novices exposed to an execution model of recursion (similar to an experts mental model and visualised in the EROSI tutor) performed on the task of constructing an embedded recursive solution to a given problem specification. Empirical observations showed that after using the EROSI tutor, novices employed a variety of methods during program construction including the use of their understanding of the execution process of recursion from their visualisation experiences. Using our findings we provide some useful suggestions to inform teaching practice. We conclude that when teaching about recursion: visualising program execution models can be a useful aid to program construction, by providing a mental framework for reasoning about the behaviour of program code fragments both before and after coding; visualisation methods may not always be a sufficient condition for developing programming skills; and the teaching of techniques for program construction may be necessary.

Considering something 'ELSE': Ethical, legal and socio-economic factors in medical imaging and medical informatics

The focus on the use of existing and new technologies to facilitate advances in medical imaging and medical informatics (MIMI) is often directed to the technical capabilities and possibilities that these technologies bring. The technologies, though, in acting as a mediating agent alter the dynamics and context of information delivery in subtle ways. While these changes bring benefits in more efficient information transfer and offer the potential of better healthcare, they also disrupt traditional processes and practices which have been formulated for a different setting. The governance processes that underpin core ethical principles, such as patient confidentiality and informed consent, may no longer be appropriate in a new technological context. Therefore, in addition to discussing new methodologies, techniques and applications, there is need for a discussion of ethical, legal and socio-economic (ELSE) issues surrounding the use and application of technologies in MIMI. Consideration of these issues is especially important for the area of medical informatics which after all exists to support patients, healthcare practitioners and inform science. This paper brings to light some important ethical, legal and socio-economic issues related to MIMI with the aim of furthering an interdisciplinary approach to the increasing use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in healthcare.

ICT in Medicine and Health Care : Assessing Social, Ethical and Legal Issues

Continuous developments in information and communication technologies (ICT) have resulted in an increasing use of these technologies in the practice of medicine and in the provision of medical care. This paper presents a series of perspectives from different areas of expertise on some of the ways in which ICT has changed the social picture in respect of the practice of medicine. The aim of the paper is to provide a context for further debate, in the form of a Panel Session, where the issue of Human Choice and Computing can be discussed with reference to a set of specific scenarios. The authors of this paper represent a wide variety of disciplines including law, ethics, medicine, philosophy and computer science, thus bringing a broad perspective to begin the discussions. The aim of the session is to provoke further discussion, encouraging input from other disciplines respresented by the participants, with a view to identifying the level of human choice in a social arena, which has at its heart a vulnerable community. In this environment, and in this era, the ‘social’ in social informatics has never been more important.

Assessing Legal, Ethical and Governance Challenges in eHealth

This chapter offers a brief introduction to the phenomenon of eHealth, and its increasing deployment to improve the quality of healthcare delivery. The chapter also gives an insight into the contents of the book by discussing the various issues raised in its 16 chapters that focus on legal, ethical and governance challenges. It concludes with a set of reflections on the kinds of concerns that have been common to the chapter authors, and that are likely to continue to face eHealth in the near- and mid-term future.

Developing a comprehensive information security framework for mHealth: a detailed analysis

It has been clearly shown that mHealth solutions, which is the use of mobile devices and other wireless technology to provide healthcare services, deliver more patient-focused healthcare, and improve the overall efficiency of healthcare systems. In addition, these solutions can potentially reduce the cost of providing healthcare in the context of the increasing demands of the aging populations in advanced economies. These solutions can also play an important part in intelligent environments, facilitating real-time data collection and input to enable various functionalities. However, there are several challenges regarding the development of mHealth solutions: the most important of these being privacy and data security. Furthermore, the use of cloud computing is becoming an option for the healthcare sector to store healthcare data; but storing data in the cloud raises serious concerns. This paper investigates how data are managed both on mHealth devices as well as in the cloud. Firstly, a detailed analysis of the entire mHealth domain is undertaken to determine domain-specific features and a taxonomy for mHealth, from which a set of security requirements are identified in order to develop a new information security framework. It then examines individual information security frameworks for mHealth devices and the cloud, noting similarities and differences. Furthermore, key mechanisms to implement the new framework are discussed and the new framework is then presented. Finally, the paper presents how the new framework could be implemented in order to develop an Advanced Digital Medical Platform.

New admissibility regime for expert evidence: the likely impact on digital forensics

The Law Commission in England and Wales has proposed a reform of the admissibility regime for expert evidence in criminal trials in England and Wales. The proposed reform builds on the US approach to admissibility of expert evidence, and establishes a multi-stage statutory test for admissibility to be applied by trial judges, aided by a set of guidelines. This paper focuses on the main aspects of the proposed reform with a view to discussing how they may impact on digital forensics experts giving opinion evidence in criminal trials.