Carlos Eduardo Esch

RADIODIFUSÃO PÚBLICA: UM DESAFIO CONCEITUAL NA AMÉRICA LATINA

Este artigo corresponde a primeira analise dos dados coletados pelo projeto de investigacao intitulado Observatorio da Radiodifusao Publica na America Latina. A primeira fase do projeto, executada entre 2010 e 2011, abrange a analise do sistema de radiodifusao publica de 10 paises da America do Sul sob os aspectos de modelo de funcionamento, gestao, financiamento e participacao social. Com a ascensao ao poder de governos vinculados a partidos de esquerda no seculo XXI, verificou-se que estao sendo estabelecidas politicas de comunicacao que visam aproximar emissoras estatais da nocao de publico, considerando os principios que caracterizam a atuacao dessa midia prescritos pela UNESCO (2001): universalidade, diversidade, independencia e diferenciacao de conteudo da programacao. Foram analisadas 140 emissoras classificadas como publicas a partir de dois criterios: aquelas que estao sob controle do Estado direta ou indiretamente, seja por meio de concessoes para uso sem fins lucrativos a fundacoes, empresas e universidades publicas; e aquelas que recebem financiamento publico. Pela analise dos dados foram observadas cinco tendencias de mudancas: construcao de novo marco regulatorio; criacao de empresas publicas no lugar de estruturas juridicas estatais centralizadas; instituicao de conselhos deliberativos relativamente autonomos encarregados de supervisao da gestao das emissoras; diversificacao de fontes de financiamento na tentativa de reverter a dependencia de recursos de governos; e a renovacao da programacao com abertura para producao independente. Palavras-chave : radiodifusao publica; politicas de comunicacao; midia publica. ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to present the partial results of research carried out by the Observatory of Public Radio Broadcasting of Latin America on the changes occurring in the public radio and TV systems in 10 Latin American countries, under the aspects of functioning models, management, financing, and social participation. After the rising to power of governments linked to parties from the left, we verified that communication policies are being established, which aim at closing the gap between traditional state broadcasting stations and the notion of public. This considers the principles that characterize the action of this media, determined by UNESCO (2001): universality, diversity, independence, and differentiation of content in the programming. A hundred and forty broadcasting stations were analyzed from the perspective of being public based on two criteria: those that are under the control of the State direct or indirectly, by means of concessions for use without profit for foundations, companies, and public universities; and those that receive public financing. Based on the analysis of the data, five trend tendencies were observed: the construction of a new regulatory framework; the creation of public companies instead of legal centralized state structures; the institution of relatively autonomous deliberative councils responsible for overseeing the management of the stations; the diversification of funding sources in an attempt to reverse the dependence on government resources; and the renewal of the programming with the opening for independent production. Keywords : radio broadcasting; public media; communication.

Brazilian public service broadcasting: the challenge to build credibility and social representation

A survey of opinion conducted by the Observatory of Public Broadcasting in Latin America indicates that one of the biggest challenges for Brazilian public broadcasting lies in changing the perception that has been crystallized by the public in relation to such stations. Initial analysis of the data obtained so far shows that the respondents have a negative image in relation to public media. At times, the people manifest themselves in favor of the principles that should delimit the performance of radios and TVs, such as diversity, independence and differentiation from commercial media, but, which are not fully followed. At other times they criticize the quality of programming and the political-governmental character of these stations. In this critical scenario, the text presents a discussion on the challenges facing the sector considering the complex historical, cultural, and economic policy circumstances, that have contributed to the maintenance of this “symbolic liability” between media and the audience/ citizens, and which reflects on the possible strategies to face the problem.