Sonia Virgínia Moreira

MAPPING JOURNALISM CULTURES ACROSS NATIONS: A comparative study of 18 countries

This article reports key findings from a comparative survey of the role perceptions, epistemological orientations and ethical views of 1800 journalists from 18 countries. The results show that detachment, non-involvement, providing political information and monitoring the government are considered essential journalistic functions around the globe. Impartiality, the reliability and factualness of information, as well as adherence to universal ethical principles are also valued worldwide, though their perceived importance varies across countries. Various aspects of interventionism, objectivism and the importance of separating facts from opinion, on the other hand, seem to play out differently around the globe. Western journalists are generally less supportive of any active promotion of particular values, ideas and social change, and they adhere more to universal principles in their ethical decisions. Journalists from non-western contexts, on the other hand, tend to be more interventionist in their role perceptions and more flexible in their ethical views.

Comparing journalism cultures in Latin America: The case of Chile, Brazil and Mexico

Based on interviews with 300 journalists in Chile, Brazil and Mexico, this article describes similarities and differences in their professional cultures. Two competing conceptual explanations are tested: the dominance of political structures, levels of press freedom and the size and concentration of media ownership vs the predominance of political cultures and political parallelism. Although the study provides some evidence in favour of the second scenario – overall in terms of the institutional roles supported by the journalists – neither of the two explanations can fully account for the differences between the countries. Meanwhile, the epistemological and ethical views of the journalists seem to be trapped in contesting terrains of ambiguity, where organizational, media routines and individual factors override country differences.

Notes on media, journalism education and news organizations in Brazil

The selection of Brazilian media organizations as part of the Worlds of Journalisms Project, an international comparative study of journalism and journalistic routines, offers contemporary data for analysis of that countrys media. This involves historical aspects of national and regional media, media ownership, and key regulation aspects, as well as journalism education. The process of recognizing the best-suited news media organizations, taking into consideration the scope of the research, identified organizations willing to participate in the process, those which were not interested, and, in particular, the difficulty that most news organizations in Brazil have in dealing with academic research concerning their journalistic practices.The selection of Brazilian media organizations as part of the Worlds of Journalisms Project, an international comparative study of journalism and journalistic routines, offers contemporary data for analysis of that countrys media. This involves historical aspects of national and regional media, media ownership, and key regulation aspects, as well as journalism education. The process of recognizing the best-suited news media organizations, taking into consideration the scope of the research, identified organizations willing to participate in the process, those which were not interested, and, in particular, the difficulty that most news organizations in Brazil have in dealing with academic research concerning their journalistic practices.

In Media We Trust: Journalists and institutional trust perceptions in post-authoritarian and post-totalitarian countries

Trust is a societal value that is difficult to gain and easy to lose. This article deals with the levels of trust that journalists working in eight post-authoritarian and post-totalitarian countries (Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Czech Republic, Indonesia, Latvia, South Africa and Tanzania) have in various social institutions using data from the present Worlds of Journalism Study. In each country, results showed the level of trust in journalists’ own institution—the media—is higher than the level of trust in both political and regulative institutions. The expression of low trust, particularly in regulative institutions, in the sampled countries represents significantly different results from previous studies about journalists’ trust in countries with longer democratic traditions.

RADIODIFUSÃO PÚBLICA: UM DESAFIO CONCEITUAL NA AMÉRICA LATINA

Este artigo corresponde a primeira analise dos dados coletados pelo projeto de investigacao intitulado Observatorio da Radiodifusao Publica na America Latina. A primeira fase do projeto, executada entre 2010 e 2011, abrange a analise do sistema de radiodifusao publica de 10 paises da America do Sul sob os aspectos de modelo de funcionamento, gestao, financiamento e participacao social. Com a ascensao ao poder de governos vinculados a partidos de esquerda no seculo XXI, verificou-se que estao sendo estabelecidas politicas de comunicacao que visam aproximar emissoras estatais da nocao de publico, considerando os principios que caracterizam a atuacao dessa midia prescritos pela UNESCO (2001): universalidade, diversidade, independencia e diferenciacao de conteudo da programacao. Foram analisadas 140 emissoras classificadas como publicas a partir de dois criterios: aquelas que estao sob controle do Estado direta ou indiretamente, seja por meio de concessoes para uso sem fins lucrativos a fundacoes, empresas e universidades publicas; e aquelas que recebem financiamento publico. Pela analise dos dados foram observadas cinco tendencias de mudancas: construcao de novo marco regulatorio; criacao de empresas publicas no lugar de estruturas juridicas estatais centralizadas; instituicao de conselhos deliberativos relativamente autonomos encarregados de supervisao da gestao das emissoras; diversificacao de fontes de financiamento na tentativa de reverter a dependencia de recursos de governos; e a renovacao da programacao com abertura para producao independente. Palavras-chave : radiodifusao publica; politicas de comunicacao; midia publica. ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to present the partial results of research carried out by the Observatory of Public Radio Broadcasting of Latin America on the changes occurring in the public radio and TV systems in 10 Latin American countries, under the aspects of functioning models, management, financing, and social participation. After the rising to power of governments linked to parties from the left, we verified that communication policies are being established, which aim at closing the gap between traditional state broadcasting stations and the notion of public. This considers the principles that characterize the action of this media, determined by UNESCO (2001): universality, diversity, independence, and differentiation of content in the programming. A hundred and forty broadcasting stations were analyzed from the perspective of being public based on two criteria: those that are under the control of the State direct or indirectly, by means of concessions for use without profit for foundations, companies, and public universities; and those that receive public financing. Based on the analysis of the data, five trend tendencies were observed: the construction of a new regulatory framework; the creation of public companies instead of legal centralized state structures; the institution of relatively autonomous deliberative councils responsible for overseeing the management of the stations; the diversification of funding sources in an attempt to reverse the dependence on government resources; and the renewal of the programming with the opening for independent production. Keywords : radio broadcasting; public media; communication.

O rádio que respira e floresce nas bordas das indústrias midiáticas

A ideia de uma crise do radio consolidou-se no imaginario coletivo nas ultimas decadas, a despeito de nao haver ancoragem na realidade. Se muitas radios tradicionais AM e FM saem do ar, vendidas a igrejas eletronicas ou novos grupos empresariais (MOREIRA, 1998; RIBEIRO, ABREU e KISCHINHEVSKY, 2011), multiplica-se a oferta de conteudos no contexto de um radio expandido (KISCHINHEVSKY, 2016), que transborda para novas plataformas e e consumido nos mais diversos dispositivos. O radio vai bem, obrigado, embora algumas emissoras de radio em ondas hertzianas estejam mal das pernas, lamentando-se da concorrencia com servicos on-line e da erosao dos habituais indices de audiencia, antes medidos em centenas de milhares de ouvintes por minuto.

Journalism Education in Brazil: Developments and Neglected Issues.

Journalism education started in Brazil in 1947. Today, it comes under the field of Social Communication, along with Advertising, Public Relations, Film, and Radio & TV. For almost 40 years, from 1970 to 2009, a journalism diploma was mandatory to work in a newsroom. As part of the field of Applied Social Sciences, journalism remains popular among the young generation: The demand for undergraduate bachelor’s programs has attracted fairly high levels of enrollment in the last three decades. For the purposes of this article, we analyze the application of the 2013 Guidelines for Journalism Education to verify whether bachelor’s programs in journalism include or neglect an important axis in the process of instruction: knowledge of the world and the intellectual challenges of journalistic routines, as suggested in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) Model Curricula for Journalism Education.

Nine Decades of the Radio Industry in Brazil

Seen as a whole, Brazilian radio allows for the identification of six distinct kinds of use: commercial, educational, cultural, communitarian, religious, and political. Subsequent to the educational and cultural broadcasting stations of the 1920s, commercial radios are established as the standard, as from the 1930s. During the trajectory of 9 decades of this means of communication in the country, Getúlio Vargas emerges as the politician who most influenced the national broadcasting industry, with laws and decrees that still apply today and are at the base of technological, legal, and content evolution.