Carlos Eugênio Martins

Dry matter production and nutritional value of elephant grass pasture under irrigation and nitrogen fertilization

The effect of four nitrogen (N) doses (100, 300, 500 e 700 kg/ha) and six water depths (0, 20, 40, 80, 100 and 120% of evapotranspiration) on elephant grass dry mass yield in the plant tops, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) during the dry and rainy periods was evaluated. The N doses were the plots and the water depths constituted the subplots, according to the complete randomized blocks experimental design with four replicates. The elephant grass dry mass yield in the plant tops accumulated either in the experimental year or during the rainy period, it increased linearly both in relation to the N doses and in relation to the water depths. During the dry period, the elephant grass production increased linearly with the N doses, but it had a quadratic behavior with the applied water depths. The CP content of the leaf blades plus pseudoculm of the elephant grass increased linearly with the N doses both in the experimental year as in the dry and rainy periods being, not influenced by the applied water depths. The NDF content in the leaf blades plus pseudoculm of the elephant grass plants was negatively influenced by the N doses during the experimental year and in the dry period, it was positively influenced by the supplement irrigation in the rainy period. The IVDMD of the leaf blades plus pseudoculm of the elephant grass was adjusted to the regression quadratic model according to the N doses only in the experimental year and in the rainy period; however, it was not influenced by the water depths. In the dry period, the IVDMD was not influenced by any of the studied variables.

Produtividade e valor nutritivo do capim-elefante cv. Napier sob doses crescentes de nitrogênio e potássio

The effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on elephantgrass - Napier cv. were evaluated. An incomplete N x K factorial arrangement was studied in randomized block design with three replications with seven N levels (20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 350 and 380 kg/ha) and seven K levels (16, 40, 80, 160, 240, 280 and 304 kg/ha). The fourteen N and K combinations were obtained according to the Box Berard Matrix, increased 3, with an extra point. The elephantgrass - Napier cv. mass production increased 86% in response to N and K fertilizers. The leaf/stem ratio and Mg2+ content negatively decreased as K levels increased. The P and Ca2+ contents decreased as N levels increased , while the crude protein content quadraticly increased by the N and K fertilization. Potassium content increased with K fertilizer but decreased as N fertilizer doses increased. The critical K level was 1.85 dag/kg herbage dry matter.

Aspectos quantitativos do processo de reciclagem de nutrientes pelas fezes de bovinos sob pastejo em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais

The experiment was carried out at the experimental station of EMBRAPA/National Dairy Research, at Coronel Pacheco, in the Zona da Mata region of Minas Gerais, to evaluate the qualitative aspects of the nutrients recycling through the feces of grazing bovines. A 110 square meter plot was located in a previous established pasture of Brachiaria decumbens. There were significant differences on the nitrogen and magnesium concentrations of forage, for 10 weeks, apparently reflecting amounts in the forage. There were no variation of the other nutrients in the forage and feces. The average frequency defecation was of 9.84 defecations/animal per day and the average weight of the feces at each defecation was of 200.5 g dry matter. It was verified, by means of some data estimates, that the nutrients recycling in the feces, so 93.28% N, 76.68% P, 1.99% K, 72.93% Ca and 62.54% Mg, that was ingested by the animal returned to the pasture as feces, the same as 18.09% N, 35.46% P, 5.47% K, 30.26% Ca and 15.43% Mg, available as primary production, returned to the pasture through feces.

Capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), sob duas doses de nitrogênio. Consumo e produção de leite

The milk production, the dry matter intake (DMI) and the NDF passage rate in the gastrointestinal tract in four seasons (July, October, January and March), of crossbred cows, under grazing of elephant grass, submitted to two levels of nitrogen (300 and 700 kg N/ha•year) were estimated. The rotation grazing with three days of occupation and 30 days of resting, using 36 crossbred Holstein Zebu milking cows, in a stocking rate of 6 cows/ha, was used. The estimates of the intake and passage rate were determined only in 24 animals. For the extrusa collection, two esophageal fistulated cows were used. The intake was estimated using the fecal output: feed indigestibility ratio. The fecal output was estimated using the NDF of the extrusa marked with sodium dichromium fed in an unique dose. The total dry matter intake was not affected by the N levels and the year seasons, with average values of 10.9 and 10.5 kg DM/cow, for the levels of 300 and 700kg N/ha•year, respectively. However, the DM intake of the elephant grass was affected by N levels and year seasons, with reported values of 6.55 e 5.63 kg/cow•day, for the above described N levels, respectively. The elephant grass contributed with 26% of the total DM intake during the dry season (July/October) and its contribution increased up to 84% in the rainy season (January/March). The milk production was not affected by N levels, with reported average production of 11.6 and 12.3 kg/cow•day, for the levels of 300 and 700 kg N/ha•year, respectively.

Irrigação de pastagem: atualidade e recomendações para uso e manejo

In the last years has been a great interest in the irrigation of pastures and the engineering issues, cost of equipment, cost of maintenance of electricity, demand for water and electricity, management irrigation and fertigation. This interest has increased the demand for information and practical advice to help clarify the important aspects as the choice of irrigation system, the potential evapotranspiration (ETo), the culture of coefficient (Kc), the evapotranspiration of the crop (ECc), the shift of water (SW), the selection of sprinklers, the flow (m3/h.ha), power (hp / ha) and the parameters for estimation of irrigation such as: field capacity (Fc), permanent wilting point (Pwp), bulk density (Bd), effective depth of the root system (Z) availability of soil water factor (f) and efficiency of application (EA). In this context the present work presents key information for deployment and conduct of safe irrigation of pasture togrther. The information available are fruit of partnerships between various institutions (Universidade Federal de Vicosa - UFV, Universidade Federal de Tocantins - UFT, University Vale do Rio Doce - UNIVALE and Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Leite - Embrapa), in search of work and extension, as well as experience of field staff. The objectives of this publication are: disseminating scientific knowledge, with experience in the field, in irrigation of pasture and focus, with a practical and succinct way, how, how many and when and how much should fertirrigated pastures cost, stimulating new observations thus facilitating the decisions as a whole, increasing the profitability of livestock for milk and cut.

Efeito de diferentes períodos de ocupação da pastagem de capim-elefante sobre a produção de leite

Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Napier) pastures were grazed by lactating dairy cows with the aim of assessing the best grazing period to maximize milk production. Three grazing periods (1, 3 and 5 days, with 30 days resting) were tested using a randomized block design, with two replications, during three years. Each paddock was grazed by 4 milking cows. During the experimental period, the cows received individually 2,0 kg/day of a concentrate mixture. Esti- mates of forage availability and quality, plant height, ground cover and milk production, were re- corded. Results showed that available forage and quality and milk production were not influenced by the three different grazing periods. Average milk production/cow/day in the rainy season were 10.9, 10.8 and 10.8 kg and the average milk yields per hectare were 7,848, 7,800 and 7,776 kg/ha for 1, 3 or 5 grazing days, respectively (P>0.05). The largest flotations in dairy milk yield per cow occurred in the five grazing days treatment, explained for both forage availability and quality decreases along the grazing period on each paddock.

Composição química, digestibilidade e disponibilidade de capim-elefante cv. Napier manejado sob pastejo rotativo

One experiment was run to study the chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility and the dry matter mass of elephantgrass pasture cv. Napier. Estimates of forage mass were accomplished monthly according to the hand plucking technique with samples being taken one day before the cows were turned into the paddocks. Forage samples were taken observing the stubble height of the pasture in the former grazing cycle. Six samples per treatment were collected from high, medium and low representative tuffs in the sampled paddocks. Samples were weighted in order to obtain the average forage yield per treatment on each grazing cycle. Forage subsamples were analyzed for chemical composition (DM, CP, NDF e ADF) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Pasture was managed in a rotational grazing system of 33 days grazing cycle with three days grazing period and 30 days rest period. There were two replication units per treatment. Twenty four crossbred Holstein x Zebu cows were used, there being eight per treatment. The following treatments were studied: Elephantgrass pasture with no concentrate (T0); Elephantgrass supplemented with concentrate during the first 60 days of lactation (T60) and a 120 days of lactation (T120). Cows on treatments T60 and T120 received 1 kg of concentrate (20% CP and 70% TDN) for each 2 kg of milk above 10 kg, daily. Pasture was fertilized with 1,000 kg/ha/year of a 20:05:20 formula. There was no treatment effect on the forage chemical composition and IVDMD figures. Mean values for CP, NDF, ADF and IVDMD were: 13.6, 69.1, 39.5, and 63.8% for CP, NDF, ADF and IVDMD, respectively. There was no treatment effect on forage mass (1,480; 1,760 and 1,870 kg DM/ha) and daily forage allowance per cow (12.4; 14.7 and 15.6 kg DM/day). There was no treatment effect for milk yield averaging 11.65 kg/cow/day. However there was treatment effect for stage of lactation, which averaged 15.1, 11.6, and 8.2 kg/cow/day for 1 to 60, 60 to 120 and over 120 days, respectively.

Avaliação de métodos para estimação da disponibilidade de forragem em pastagem de capim-elefante

RESUMO - Conduziu-se este experimento em pastagem de capim-elefante, pertencente a Embrapa - Gado de Leite, com o objetivo de comparar metodos de estimacao da disponibilidade de forragem, bem como avaliar o comportamento de tres observadores nestas avaliacoes. Os metodos do Corte, da Altura da planta, da Cobertura do solo pela forrageira, do indice Altura da planta x Cobertura do solo, da regressao linear multipla com a altura e a cobertura e do Rendimento Visual Comparativo, foram comparados com as producoes totais das respectivas metades das areas avaliadas. O metodo Rendimento Visual Comparativo proporcionou sempre os maiores coeficientes de determinacao das equacoes estimadoras, seguido pelo metodo da equacao linear multipla com altura e cobertura. Ja com os metodos de Altura da planta e o da Cobertura do solo foram obtidos os piores resultados, demonstrando a baixa confiabilidade de estimacao da disponibilidade de capim-elefante, por meio dessas variaveis isoladas. Apesar de o metodo Rendimento Visual Comparativo fornecer os maiores coeficientes, o metodo da equacao linear multipla demonstrou ser aceitavel, principalmente pela grande praticabilidade e pelos bons resultados. Observadores pouco experientes obtiveram sempre os piores resultados, principalmente nas primeiras avaliacoes e em areas sob pastejo.

Disponibilidade de matéria seca em pastagens de capim-elefante irrigadas

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da irrigacao na disponibilidade de materia seca em pastagens de capim-elefante, cv. Napier, foi conduzido um experimento durante dois anos no Setor de Agrostologia da UFV. A irrigacao foi realizada por um sistema de aspersao convencional de media pressao, usando turno de rega variavel. Observou-se que, nos dois periodos de seca abrangidos pelo experimento, a irrigacao nao conseguiu determinar diferencas significativas na disponibilidade de materia seca do capim-elefante. Por outro lado, quando se avaliaram os resultados acumulados para os periodos de inverno e verao, a disponibilidade de forragem nos tratamentos sob irrigacao foi sempre significativamente maior, em razao de a irrigacao suprir e manter a umidade do solo em niveis suficientemente adequados para as forrageiras, quando as temperaturas minimas nao foram limitantes ao crescimento, eliminando os efeitos dos veranicos e permitindo manutencao da estabilidade da producao. Conclui-se que a irrigacao realizada de forma eficiente e criteriosa pode ser mais uma alternativa, visando ao aumento da producao animal a pasto, pois permite significativos aumentos na producao forrageira, principalmente no verao, quando as temperaturas minimas nao foram limitantes ao desenvolvimento do capim-elefante.

Produção de leite de vacas mestiças Holandês ´ Zebu em pastagem de capim-elefante, com e sem suplementação de concentrado durante a época das chuvas

This work aimed to study the effect of concentrate supplementation of elephantgrass pasture during the rainy season and at the beginning of the dry season, on milk yield, milk composition and weight gain of crossbred Holstein ´ Zebu cows. The treatments were: elephantgrass pasture with no concentrate supplementation (NC) and with 2kg concentrate supplementation cow/day (WC). The experimental area was divided in 44 paddocks with 606m2 each, corresponding to 22 paddocks per replication and six cows per treatment. The cows were alloted to the treatments according to a completely randomized block design. The pasture was managed in a rotational system with 30 days resting period and three days grazing per paddock. The stocking rate was 4.5 cows/ha. The pasture was fertilized with 200kg/ha/yr of N and K2O. The average fat corrected (4%) milk yield was 11.6± 0.3 and 12.5± 0.3kg/cow/day and the average daily weight gain during the total experimental period was 211 and 244g per cow for the NC and WC treatments, respectively. There were differences (P<0.05) between treatments for milk yield and milk protein (%), but no treatment effects were observed on weight gain, milk fat (%) and milk total solids (%).