M. C. Durães

Parâmetros genéticos para produções de leite e gordura nas três primeiras lactações de vacas Holandesas

In this study 9,527 lactations of purebreed Holstein cows, calved between 1988 to 1997, from herds in the Minas Gerais State, were analysed. Two data sets were established: one with first lactations only and another with the first lactation until the third one. Milk and fat 305-day yields were analysed using a multivariate mixed model and restricted maximum likelihood procedure (REML). The milk and fat 305 days yields averages were respectively 5,870 ± 1,662 kg and 199 ± 55 kg for set I and 5,521 ± 1,523 kg and 187 ± 50 kg for set II in the first lactation, and 6,421 ± 1,789 kg and 215 ± 58 kg for the second lactation, and 7,045 ± 1,903 kg and 231 ± 60 kg for the third lactation, respectively. Heritabilities estimated for milk and fat yields in set I (first lactation) were .28 ± .04 and .20 ± .03 and using the set II, were .16 ± .09 e .9 ± .9 for milk and fat yields in the first lactation, .17 ± .11 and .20 ± .11 for second one, and .16 ± .10 and .10 ± .16 in third lactation, respectively. Genetic correlations were high and ranged from .86 to 1.0.

Tendência genética para a produção de leite e de gordura em rebanhos da raça Holandesa no Estado de Minas Gerais

The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic trends for milk and fat yields of Holstein Dairy Cattle, in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The statistical analyses were made by means of mixed models, using restricted maximum likelihood and animal model. The fixed effects studied were: herd-year-season at calving and linear and quadratic effect of age at calving besides the animal and residual random effects. The genetic trends were obtained by regression of the breeding value on the year of birth of cows. Records used in the analyses were 18,482 first lactations of cows born from 1986 to 1996. The genetic trends for milk and fat yield were 18.4 and 0.6 kg, respectively. The average of milk and fat yields were 5083 ± 50 to 6876 ± 51 kg, and from 172.6 ± 1.7 to 228.5 ± 1.7 kg, respectively. The breeding values estimated were negative in 1986 and 1987, and positive thereafter, with accentuate increase in the last years. This is an indication that milk farmers of Minas Gerais State have been taking strategies in order to increase the milk productions.

Comparação da produção de leite e de gordura e da duração da lactação entre cinco "graus de sangue" originados de cruzamentos entre Holandês e Gir em Minas Gerais

Milk yield, fat yield and lactation length of five crossbred (Holstein x Gir) groups (1/2, 3/4, 7/8, 15/16 e 31/32) were studied. Data were divided in three groups, that holded the following number of records and number of herds: group 1- 9,817 lactation records, 3,012 first lactation records and 122 herds; group 2- 7,839 lactation records, 2,334 first lactation records and 75 herds: group 3- 5,236 lactation records, 1,468 first lactation records and 38 herds. The means for milk yield, fat yield and length of lactation in groups 1, 2 and 3, for all lactation records were, respectively: 4,532±17kg, 157±1kg and 290±1 days, 4,514±18kg, 157±1kg and 292±1 days, and 4,495±22kg, 156±1kg, and 293±1 days. The 31/32 crossbred group showed better performance than the other groups in milk yield, fat yield and length of lactation. The 7/8 and 15/16 crossbred groups presented intermediary performance and 1/2 crossbred group showed the lowest performance.

Correlations among semen quality traits and scrotal circumference of sires of the Gyr breed.

Data related with semen characteristics such as volume (VOL), gross motility (TURB), motility (MOT), vigor (VIG), concentration (CONC), major defects (DMA) and minor defects (DME) from 807 semen output (CS) of 105 sires of the Gyr breed selected for milk production, and their measurements of scrotal circumference (CE) were used to study factors that affect these traits and the correlations among them. Uni and bivariate animal models that included the fixed effects of AI company, year and season of CS or CE measurement, age at CS or CE measurement, and random animal (bull) effect were used to evaluate the effects of these source of variation and the correlation between those traits. AI company and sire had a significant effect on all traits. Age affected only CE, TURB and NEMOV (= VOL x CONC x MOT). Repetabilities estimated by univariate model ranged from 0.23 for CONC to 0.70 for TURB. In general, phenotypic correlations, estimated by bivariate model were in a favorable direction. Pearson correlation between CE and all other traits ranged from -0.19 to 0.35. The recorded correlations, in general in a favorable direction, suggested that CE could be used as an elimination trait of sire to be pre-selected as a semen donor.

Correlações genéticas e fenotípicas entre características de tipo e produção de leite em bovinos da raça Holandesa

Correlacoes geneticas e fenotipicas entre 21 caracteristicas lineares de tipo e producao de leite em ate 305 dias de lactacao foram estimadas pela maxima verossimilhanca restrita sob modelo animal, a partir de dados da Associacao de Criadores de Gado Holandes de Minas Gerais. Nas analises das caracteristicas lineares, os efeitos fixos utilizados no modelo incluiram estadio da lactacao, idade do animal, grupo contemporâneo de rebanho, ano e estacao de classificacao, e o efeito aleatorio do pai da vaca. As caracteristicas lineares que apresentaram maiores correlacoes geneticas com producao de leite foram largura do ubere posterior (0,60) e largura de garupa (0,37), indicando nao haver antagonismo genetico entre a selecao para essas caracteristicas e a producao de leite. As correlacoes fenotipicas entre caracteristicas lineares de tipo e producao de leite foram, em geral, menores do que as correlacoes geneticas correspondentes. As correlacoes fenotipicas entre as caracteristicas lineares apresentaram-se altas dentro das secoes de conformacao/capacidade e de sistema mamario. Correlacoes geneticas entre algumas caracteristicas lineares foram altas, possibilitando a exclusao de algumas delas do programa de classificacao linear adotado para a raca Holandesa no Brasil.

Effect of air temperature and humidity on frequency of feeding, water ingestion and rumination in Holstein cows

The feeding behaviour, rumination and water consumption of primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows, housed in a free-stall system were studied, in response to different combinations of temperature and relative air humidity. Data were collected during three days (24 hours) in the summer and winter months. Feeding behaviour and rumination were monitored in each 15 minute intervals, and the water ingestion, continuously all day long. Environmental temperature and relative humidity were also monitored in each hour interval. During summer time, the environmental temperature and relative humidity significantly affected (P<0.05) feeding behaviour of the cows with an increasing time of feeding intervals, from 6am - 6pm to 6pm - 12pm. Daily pattern of rumination was defined by the daily pattern of feeding. The water ingestion varied significantly (P<0.05) as a function of the feeding behavior due to environmental temperature and air humidity, mainly in the cow group.

Estudo dos efeitos de ambiente sobre as características lineares de tipo em rebanhos bovinos da raça Holandesa

Stage of lactation, classification age and herd-year-season contemporary group effects were considered in the analyses of 21 linear type traits, in addition to final score using 2,122 Brazilian Holstein cows, from 83 herds and daughters of 178 sires. Least square methodology was applied in the analyses of variance. With the exception of fore udder attachment, udder texture and fore teat length, the effect of stage of lactation was important ((P<.05) for all other mammary system traits, indicating that there were morphological changes during lactation. All traits related to conformation/body capacity were influenced by classification age. Among these traits, body deep was the one affected by stage of lactation, followed by body size, chest width and loin strength. Among traits related to feet and legs, the effect of age of the animal on side view of rear legs was important (P<.05). The effect of age on traits related to rump was variable, being important (P<.05) only for rump width. Final score and angularity were also influenced by age (P<.05). This study revealed the importance of environment type trait effects on linear type trait evaluations.

Parâmetros genéticos para características lineares de úbere: escore final de tipo, produção de leite e produção de gordura na raça Holandesa

Data on 3,063 linear classification records from 2,593 cows, from 1997 to 1999, were used in these analyses. A multiple trait animal model for three simultaneous trait was used to obtain correlations between pairs of the linear udder traits, final score, and milk and fat yields. Averages for udder traits ranged from 3.79 for fore teat placement to 5.81 for fore udder height. The average of final score was 80 and for milk and fat yields were 7,019±1,817 kg and 236±60kg, respectively. Repeatabilities ranged from 0.46 for udder depth to 0.76 for final score and heritabilities ranged from 0.11 for udder cleft to 0.40 for final score. Genetic correlations among linear udder traits were generally high and positive. The highest genetic correlation for linear udder traits occurred between udder height and udder cleft (0.71), followed by the correlation between fore udder attachment and udder cleft (0.69). Genetic correlation that included production and udder traits showed that the highest value was 0.46 between milk yield and rear udder width. Fat yield was moderately correlated with rear udder width (0.23). Some negative relationships were found. Estimates of phenotypic correlations were generally lower in absolute values than their corresponding genetic correlations.

Age of calving and region adjustment factors for milk and fat yields for graded and purebred Holstein in Minas Gerais State, Brazil.

Adjustment factors were estimated for milk and fat yields for Holstein herds according to age of cow at calving, genetic group (purebred or graded cows) and region of recorded milk yield (nucleus) in Minas Gerais State. Statistical analyses used mixed model methodologies by restricted maximum likelihood using animal model. Herd-year, season of calving, age of cow classes, genetic group, and region of recorded milk records were used as fixed effects, and cows and residuals as random effects. Analyses used 46,971 records of 26,822 cows being 17,354 classified as graded Holstein and 9,468 as purebred. In five regional nuclei, namely 1545, 2585, 5565, 35 and 75, cows were grouped in 21 age classes. The youngest one was formed by cows with less than 24 months and the oldest one by cows with 99 months of age or more. For purebred cows the age adjustment factors for milk and fat yields were lower than the correspondent ones for graded cows; however, the variability were higher for purebred cows compared to those of graded cows in 75, 2585 and 5565 regional nuclei. The age adjustment factors for young cows were higher than the correspondent factors for older cows. The fat yield adjustment factors were higher than milk yield adjustment factors in both purebred and graded cows. It is recommended to use specific factors for milk and fat yields estimated within nucleus and within genetic group.

Fatores de ajustamento para a produção de leite e gordura na raça Holandesa para rebanhos do Estado de Minas Gerais

The objective of this work was to calculate adjustment factors for milk and fat yield according to the cow age and calving season, for Holstein breeds herds from Minas Gerais State. The statistical analyses were made by means of mixed models, using Restricted Maximum Likelihood in an animal model. The fixed effects were herd-year, genetic composition and age classes-calving season, and as random effects of animal (cow, sire and dam) and error terms. Records used in the analysis were 49,666 lactations of 26,822 cows, being 17,354 from grades and 9,468 from purebred cows. Twenty-one age classes were made; with the small one constituted by cows that calving under 24 months and the large one by cow with more than 99 months of age, per six calving seasons. The adjustment factors attained for milk production, were which larger than for fat factors, tended to be smaller for purebred cows than the correspondent values estimated for grade cows. The average milk and fat production milk was higher for the productions beginning in the season corresponding to the dry season, mainly for cows with more than 30 months of age. The differences found among the estimated factors for the dry season in relation to the rainy season were minimal, not overpass 8%. The milk and fat productions were higher for younger cows.