Carlos García

An IP-based QoS architecture for 4G operator scenarios

This article describes a global QoS architecture for multimedia traffic in mobile heterogeneous environments. This architecture supports both multiple access networks and multiple service provider scenarios. The architecture is able to provide QoS per user and per service, implementing the notion of a user profile associated network management in the case of heterogeneous and mobile network access is presented based on cooperative association between QoS brokers and authentication, authorization, accounting, and charging systems. The overall exchange of messages is exemplified for the case of a field test with specific optimizations for voice traffic.

Soil Enzymology in the Recycling of Organic Wastes and Environmental Restoration

The bibliography on soil enzymes is extensive as showed by books and many review chapters devoted to the subject. The assays of soil enzymes are generally simple, accurate, sensitive and relatively rapid and for this reasons they have been extensively used to determine the effects of contaminants, changes in management practices and effects of environmental factors and plant cover on soil metabolism. However, the present enzyme assays determine potential rather than real enzyme activities due to the optimal conditions of the assays and they do not discriminate the contribution of extracellular stabilised enzymes from that of intracellular enzyme activities. The determination of the latter is important to evaluate the answer of soil microorganisms to any effect on soil. Methods based on fumigation of soil with chloroform or with the physiological response of soil microorganisms to glucose addition to soil present drawbacks. Presently, enzyme activities are still used to evaluate the response of soil metabolism to any effect not only in arable soils but also in forest soils. However, not always the past bibliography and the limits of the present enzyme assays are considered. A few innovative studies have been carried out. Measurements of enzyme activities have been combined with those on microbial diversity evaluated by molecular techniques. Both synthesis and persistence of phosphomonoesterases have been quantified in studies based on the stimulation of microbial growth by adding easily degradable organic compounds to soil. Metcalfe et al. (Appl Environ Microbiol 68:5042–5050, 2002) covered all events from gene presence, through gene expression and up to the detection of target enzyme in soil. The addition of sludge to a pasture soil increased chitinase activity and the number of actinobacteria but selected actinobacterium-like chitinase sequences. P. Nannipieri (&) L. Landi L. Giagnoni G. Renella Dipartimento di Scienza delle Produzioni Vegetali, del Suolo e Ambiente Agroforestale, University of Firenze, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144, Florence, Italy e-mail: paolo.nannipieri@unifi.it C. Trasar-Cepeda et al. (eds.), Soil Enzymology in the Recycling of Organic Wastes and Environmental Restoration, Environmental Science and Engineering, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21162-1_1, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 1 Enzyme assays distinguishing the contribution of extracellular stabilised enzymes from that of intracellular enzyme activities are needed. Future research should increase the number of enzyme activities which can be determined in soil. For example, an accurate assay for determining nuclease activity in soil is not available. It is important to set up accurate methods for extracting intracellular and stabilised extracellular proteins, which are largely prevailing, so as to be able to carry out the proteomic approach in soil. The understanding of microbial synthesis of proteins (functional proteomic) as affected by different environmental conditions can increase our knowledge on the synthesis of enzymes in soil whereas the characterization of proteins protected against microbial degradation by their interactions with surface-reactive particles or their inclusion within humic component (structural proteomic) can give insights on the stabilization of organic N, including enzymes, in soil. The set up of suitable techniques is needed to visualise the location of stabilised enzymes in soil sections by both scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Acid phosphatase activity has been detected in small (7 9 20 nm) fragments of microbial membranes, roots, mycorrhizae, etc. of soil but not in naturally-electron dense soil components (minerals) and in soil components reacting with OsO4 (humus) and this does not permit to localize extracellular enzymes or proteins stabilized by clay minerals or humic materials (Ladd and Butler, Aust J Soil Res 4:41–54, 1966).

An IP QoS architecture for 4G networks

This paper describes an architecture for differentiation of Quality of Service in heterogeneous wireless-wired networks. This architecture applies an all-IP paradigm, with embedded mobility of users. The architecture allows for multiple types of access networks, and enables user roaming between different operator domains. The architecture is able to provide quality of service peruser and per-service An integrated service and resource management approach is presented based on the cooperative association between Quality of Service Brokers and Authentication, Authorisation, Accounting and Charging systems. The different phases of QoS-operation are discussed. The overall QoS concepts are presented with some relevant enhancements that address specifically voice services. In particular, EF simulations results are discussed in this context.

JCCM: Flexible Certificates for Smartcards with Java Card

Smartcards and PKCS #11 are an appealing solution for combined storage and certificate management at the enduser level. Many applications use PKCS #11 primitives for security reasons: a popular browser, like Netscape Navigator contain a PKCS #11 cryptographic module that plays a critical role in secure web surfing and e-mail signing and encryption. Nevertheless, most market-ready solutions ([SMARTSIGN], [GPKPKCS#11], [SLBCBPKCS#11]) use non-programmable cards or else do not exploit the cards programmable capabilities. Instead they utilize cryptographic functions built into the card, This results in applications having the card manufactures semantics instead of PKCS #11 semantics.In this article we present our work: Java Card Certificate Management (JCCM), JCCM moves PKCS #11 middleware into the card itself. This results in greater flexibility and less implementation dependence for applications. We have developed JCCM for two cards: the GemXpresso RAD 211is and the Cyberflex for Linux Starters Kit 2.1. We have also developed the corresponding dynamic library for Netscape enabling our endusers to use JCCM in their daily.

QoS support on fourth generation networks

The arrival of fourth generation mobile networks, based on IP core networks, lead us to the development of certain services, such as: Quality of service, mobility and AAA. This paper proposes architecture to supply quality of service support based in the differentiated services technique, known as Diffserv. In the same way we analyze the main components of this architecture: QoS Broker (central policy broker of quality of service, whose goal is the appropriate configuration of the routers in the network), Access Router (in charge of the management of the queuing system in order to provide QoS) and the AAA server (management of QoS user profiles).