Carlos Roberto Spehar

Identification of drought-responsive genes in roots of upland rice (Oryza sativa L)

BackgroundRice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm represents an extraordinary source of genes that control traits of agronomic importance such as drought tolerance. This diversity is the basis for the development of new cultivars better adapted to water restriction conditions, in particular for upland rice, which is grown under rainfall. The analyses of subtractive cDNA libraries and differential protein expression of drought tolerant and susceptible genotypes can contribute to the understanding of the genetic control of water use efficiency in rice.ResultsTwo subtractive libraries were constructed using cDNA of drought susceptible and tolerant genotypes submitted to stress against cDNA of well-watered plants. In silico analysis revealed 463 reads, which were grouped into 282 clusters. Several genes expressed exclusively in the tolerant or susceptible genotypes were identified. Additionally, proteome analysis of roots from stressed plants was performed and 22 proteins putatively associated to drought tolerance were identified by mass spectrometry.ConclusionSeveral genes and proteins involved in drought-response, as well as genes with no described homologs were identified. Genes exclusively expressed in the tolerant genotype were, in general, related to maintenance of turgor and cell integrity. In contrast, in the susceptible genotype, expression of genes involved in protection against cell damage was not detected. Several protein families identified in the proteomic analysis were not detected in the cDNA analysis. There is an indication that the mechanisms of susceptibility to drought in upland rice are similar to those of lowland varieties.

Ammonia volatilization from enhanced-efficiency urea on no-till maize in brazilian cerrado with improved soil fertility

High nitrogen losses by ammonia volatilization are expected when urea is used as the source of N. The use of controlled-release urea and urease inhibitors are possible strategies to reduce such losses and increase nitrogen use efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate nitrogen losses by ammonia volatilization from stabilized, slow and controlled release urea and its absorption by maize grown under no-till in an improved Cerrado soil. Four N sources were used: conventional urea, urea + N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), urea + Cu and B and urea coated by sulfur + polymers. These N sources were surface applied along the rows using three N doses of 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1. No N was added to the control. Data were collected regarding N losses by volatilization, the N contents accumulated in the stubble and grains, and the yields of the stubble and grains. Stabilized urea and slow release urea were efficient for postponing the ammonia volatilization peaks. The urease inhibitors postponed the peaks for up to two days, reducing the accumulated volatilization by 18% when compared with common urea. Polymer sulfur coated urea resulted in a 37% reduction in ammonia volatilization. Increasing the N application rate to 200 kg ha-1 resulted in 16% greater yields and 37% greater N accumulation in the plants relative to the control. However, the stabilized and slow-release urea did not improve the N accumulation or yield. Consequently, the nitrogen use efficiency of maize was not improved relative to the use of conventional urea.

Fracionamento do grão de Amaranthus cruentus brasileiro por moagem e suas características composicionais

Grain amaranth is normally consumed whole. The effect of milling on the chemical and nutritional composition, stability to oxidation and color of the flours of the Brazilian grain amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) has been assessed. Grains of the cv Japonica were pre-conditioned to moistures from 9.2 to 13.7% and fractionated in a cereal mill. Increasing the moisture resulted in a pronounced decrease of flour yield from 39 to 14%. The refined flour (break and reduction fractions combined) of the 9.2% moisture grain showed a total protein content of 13.9%, against the 16.2% of the whole flour, whereas the total lipid content fell from 6.78 to 6.11% with no detectable change in oxidative stability after refining. The fiber content was reduced slightly, from 4.6 to 3.8% for the highest and the lowest moisture contents, respectively, while the lighter color attribute of the flour increased with processing. It is concluded that in spite of the better appearance and high protein content of the refined flour, milling of grain amaranth will result in low yields and that refining will not remove any substantial amounts of oil that would guarantee higher oxidation stability to the flour.

Agronomic efficiency of potassium fertilization in lettuce fertilized with alternative nutrient sources

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of alternative sources of nutrients on the nutrition, yield and efficiency of potassium fertilization in lettuce. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, using 3.7 kg pots filled with a dystrophic red-yellow Latosol of medium texture. The experimental design was randomized, with treatments divided into a 4 x 6 factorial: four doses of potassium (0; 200; 400; 600 kg ha -1 K 2 O) and six alternative sources of nutrients (breccia, ultramafic, biotite schist, phlogopite, and mining and Chapada by-products), with four replications. Content and accumulation were determined for potassium (K), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) in the lettuce shoots, and from these data two indices were calculated for the efficiency of potassium as a fertilizer. The application of increasing values of alternative sources of nutrients promoted improvements in nutrition and increases in lettuce yield. The efficiency of potassium fertilization decreased with the increase in values of potassium taken from alternative nutrient sources, with the mining by-products and the ultramafic being superior to the other sources. Crushed silicate rocks and mining by-products can therefore both be used as fertilizer in organic and conventional production systems.

Nitrogen loss by volatilization of nitrogen fertilizers applied to coffee orchard

Ammonia volatilization (N-NH3) is one of the main pathways of Nitrogen loss reducing nitrogen use efficiency in coffee orchard. This work aimed at quantifying ammonia volatilization (N-NH3) losses from N-sources to be used in coffee plantations fertilization in Brazil. The experiment was conducted in the field on a dystrophic red latosol (Ferralsol in FAOs classification) at the Coffee Research Sector, University of Lavras, MG, Brazil. The experimental design was of complete randomized blocks with three repetitions of the following treatments: conventional urea, ammonium nitrate and urea + 0.15% Cu and 0.4% B, urea + anionic polymers, urea + elementary sulfur (S0) + polymers, and urea + plastic resin. These N sources were split into three doses of 150 kg ha-1 and band applied. The N-NH3 losses by volatilization and variations of pH (H2O) were measured, before and after N application. The N-sources contributed to reduce the soil pH, measured after the third nitrogen fertilization. The N-NH3 losses by volatilization (average from three applications) was as follows: urea + anionic polymers (35.8%) > conventional urea (31.2%) = urea + S0 + polymers (31.0%) > urea + 0.15% Cu + 0.4 % B (25.6%) > urea + plastic resin (8.6%) = ammonium nitrate (1.0%).

ESTIMATIVA DE PARÂMETROS DE VARIAÇÃO GENÉTICA EM PROGÊNIES F2 DE SOJA E GENITORES COM PRESENÇA E AUSÊNCIA DE LIPOXIGENASES

Objetivou-se com este trabalho estimar parâmetros geneticos (herdabilidade, coeficiente de variacao genetica e razao da variacao genetica e ambiental CVg/CVe), calcular as correlacoes fenotipicas e dispersao grafica entre caracteres agronomicos em populacoes de soja formadas por cruzamento biparentais e seus genitores. A selecao foi concentrada em altura de plantas (AP) e de insercao de vagem (AIV), numero de dias para maturacao (NDM), numero de vagens por planta (NVP) e rendimento de graos (RG). O experimento foi conduzido no Distrito Federal, latitude 15°56’S, longitude 47°56’W e altitude de 1.080 m, em latossolo vermelho amarelo. A semeadura foi realizada em dezembro de 2013. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repeticoes. Os tratamentos foram constituidos por 22 genotipos (10 genitores e 12 cruzamentos). A parcela experimental foi constituida por uma linha com 2,5 m de comprimento, espacada por 100 cm. A analise mostrou ganhos para os caracteres estudados, medidos pela herdabilidade (ha2). A razao CVg/CVe mostrou selecao favoravel para NDM, AP, NVP e RG. A maior variabilidade genetica (CVg) encontrada foi para NVP e RG. As correlacoes apresentaram magnitude media entre os caracteres NDM e AP, NDM e AIV, AP e AIV, AP e NVP, e NVP e RG. A selecao por NVP resulta em maior rendimento por planta. A dispersao grafica permitiu observar os genotipos de forma isolada, indicando os cruzamentos mais promissores para serem avancados no procedimento de selecao.