Carol Woodhams

Critical perspectives in diversity and equality management

Purpose – This paper aims to draw conceptual links between the papers in this special issue, arguing that diversity and equality research is located within varying socio‐political, socio‐demographic and geo‐political contexts and should therefore be seen as fluid and subject to ongoing reformation.Design/methodology/approach – This paper provides a thematic and analytical review of six papers from the Gender, Diversity and Management track of the European Academy of Management Conference, held at HEC, Paris in May 2007.Findings – The paper draws out themes that transcend organisation and nation boundaries, showing how socio‐cultural and political location has an important bearing on gender and diversity work identities, constructions and ultimately, organisation development priorities.Practical implications – The paper seeks to encapsulate contemporary thinking in the discipline of equality and diversity management with specific focus on its interaction with the externalities of region, power, politics an...

The persistence of gender discrimination in China – evidence from recruitment advertisements

In this paper we present an analysis of recruitment advertisements that suggests that Chinese employers frequently discriminate on gender grounds, both directly and indirectly. We illustrate how employers continue to use entrenched stereotypes and perpetuate highly segregated expectations of men and womens roles at work, predominantly to the detriment of women and hindering their progress in the labour market. The paper concludes that while employers’ recruitment practices are not the only cause of womens continued labour-market disadvantage – and are in themselves a function of the wider of economic, socio-cultural and ideological factors that underlie it (Kitching 2001; Patrickson 2001; Leung 2003; Cooke 2005) – a change to employer behaviour in this area is a necessary and potentially achievable step forward towards greater equality.

The Snowballing Penalty Effect: Multiple Disadvantage and Pay

This paper makes the case that the current single-axis approach to the diagnosis and remedy of pay discrimination is inadequate in the case of multiple disadvantage. While a good deal is known about pay gaps, particularly those affecting women, less is known about those affecting people in other disadvantaged groups and those in more than one such group. This analysis of multiple years of pay data, n = 513,000, from a large UK-based company shows that people with more than one disadvantaged identity suffer a significantly greater pay penalty than those with a single disadvantage. The data also suggest that penalties associated with multiple disadvantage exponentially increase. In other words, disadvantages seem to interact to the detriment of people at ‘intersections’. The paper considers the implications for policies aimed at reducing pay inequalities. These currently take a single-axis approach and may be misdirected.

Managing careers: experiences of successful women in the Chinese IT industry

Purpose – This paper seeks to examine the career experiences of seven women who have developed successful careers in the Chinese information technology (IT) industry, focusing on the way they managed their careers and the implications this has for womens career theory in China.Design/methodology/approach – Personal narrative method is used to explore the womens cumulated experiences of career management in order to draw out their feelings and attitudes.Findings – Findings demonstrated convergence between western career theory and the situation of these successful Chinese women in IT, especially in family/career role management. Nevertheless, the paper argues that deeply embedded values in China encourage a rejection of planning and proactivity in womens career management resulting in a lack of applicability of western theory.Research limitations/implications – Findings are based on a small sample size. Personal narrative method is highly subjective and “contaminated” by selective recall of information ...

Transformative and emancipatory potential of intersectionality research

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to contribute to the debates of “doing” intersectionality in practice. The authors explore two of the primary approaches to researching from an intersectional perspective with the intention of critically reviewing the emancipatory potential of each. They argue for plurality and diversity of approaches in working toward a shared emancipatory goal. Design/methodology/approach – The authors set up the debate via an exploration of emancipatory research principles. Based on their research experience the authors then critically reflect on the approaches to intersectionality research from the social constructionist and critical realist perspectives. Findings – The authors find that both approaches to intersectionality research have benefits and limitations in achieving emancipation for disadvantaged people in organizations. A critical realist approach underpinned by quantitative analysis of patterns within fixed multiple identity categories offers a convincing emancipatory ...

Gender and Alternative Start-Up Business Funding

The broad context for our study is set by discussions of equality of opportunity to start-up business finance. There is an increasing literature which suggests that female entrepreneurs face significant disadvantages compared to their male counterparts in their access to resources from orthodox channels such as banks. The consequence of undercapitalization during the start-up phase is underperformance during the life of the business. Adopting a range of informal ‘bootstrapping’ techniques gives entrepreneurs the opportunity to obtain alternative financial resources without resorting to debt or equity funding. In this article, we draw on a unique sample of 211 nascent entrepreneurs in the early stages of business start-up, contacted through a postal and web-based two-wave longitudinal survey, to examine gender differences with regards to different forms of bootstrapping behaviour. The study demonstrates significant differences in the ways that male and female entrepreneurs access informal financial resources. We discuss explanations drawn from womens studies suggesting that the features of capital markets and business and personal characteristics that limit female business owners from accessing sources of orthodox finance also impede their access to the most effective forms of bootstrapping. We suggest that further explanatory and qualitative research is required to investigate these effects.

Narrative Methods for the Human Sciences

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