Caroline Malone

The Italian Neolithic: A Synthesis of Research

This paper reviews the distinctive economic and social development of Neolithic Italy and its islands, from ca. 6000 B.C. until the emergence of the Copper Age ca. 3500 B.C. Through a synthesis of traditional interpretations and more recent discussions relating to early farming economies, social and technological developments, settlement, and landscape, the complex regional patterns are described. The development of archaeological studies in Italy, the biases in regional and chronological data collection, the regional patterns of cultures and landscapes, and the emergence of distinctive funerary, artistic and economic activities reveal a wealth of varied and intriguing archaeological information from a wide variety of sources that link parallel developments in the Mediterranean and Europe.

Cult in an Island Society: Prehistoric Malta in the Tarxien Period

This paper examines the cult practices of the Tarxien period on Malta (c. 3000–c. 2500 BC) within the wider context of island societies. A model of ritual organization is developed which emphasizes the isolation of Malta during the major phases of temple building. A comparison is made between two pairs of sites each comprising a temple and burial component, Tarxien and Hal Saflieni, Ggantija and the Brochtorff Circle. A more detailed comparison is made between the more recently excavated examples: the Tarxien temple and the Brochtorff Circle mortuary complex. The latter is the subject on an ongoing Anglo-Maltese project directed by the authors. The analysis moves in turn from the constituent units (or modules) of which these sites are composed, to their overall configuration, and finally to their place in the landscape and to the place of Malta in the central Mediterranean.

Monuments in an island society: The Maltese context

Abstract The paper presents an alternative view of the social forces behind the construction of the Maltese temples, in the light of new evidence from recent excavations. Access analysis and the social anthropological theory of networks in island communities are introduced as aids in the analysis of the parallel programme of funerary and temple architecture in the Maltese islands that had its origin in the late fifth millennium cal. BC and came to an abrupt end in the mid‐third millennium cal. BC. It is suggested that intra‐community rivalry could have provided the mobilization of resources for the phases of construction of the temples and that centralized social forces need not have been as important as has been suggested in previous work. In this light, the end to temple construction need not be seen as a major social collapse, but as the end of one means of fighting with material culture.

Territory, time, and state : the archaeological development of the Gubbio basin

Part I. 1. Introduction Caroline Malone, James McVicar, and Simon Stoddart: Part II. The Environmental Setting 2. Geology and geomorphology Mauro Coltorti 3. Pedology Mirjam Schomeaker, Eric Van Waveren, Peter Finke, Rene Sewuster, and Jan Servink 4. Vegetation and climate Franscesco Allegrucci, Edoardo Biondi, Rachel Fulton, Christopher Hunt, Simon Stoddary, and Rupert Housley Part III. The First Human Occupation and Transition to Agriculture: 5. The evidence of lithics Tim Reynolds 6. The transition to agriculture Caroline Malone, and Jenny Harding Part IV. The Dissection of a Bronze and Early Iron Age Landscape: 7. Site setting Jenny Harding, Peter Finke, and Rene Sewuster 8. Agriculture James McVicar, Catherine Backway, Gillian Clark, and Rupert Housley 9. Site relationships Caroline Malone, and Simon Stoddart 10. The regional setting Caroline Malone, and Simon Stoddart Part V. Ritual Process and the Iron Age State: 11. Ritual sites and the city Simon Stoddart, and James Whitley 12. Literacy and linguistic evidence John Wilkins 13. Text and context the regional setting Simon Stoddart, and James Whitley Part VI. Imperial Incorporation: The Advent of Rome: 14. The City Dorica Maconi, and Nicholas Whitehead 15. The territory Nicholas Whitehead Part VII. The Medieval Period Francesco Allegrucci Part VIII. The Long Term Trajectory of the Itermontane Polity: 16. Colonisation, formation and incorporation Caroline Malone, and Simon Stoddart.

Education in archaeology

This Special Section on Education in Archaeology celebrates the advances made in making archaeology a subject in schools and universities. Here we have collected together a number of short essays on aspects of archaeology and education. Peter Stone has invited a number of the contributions from colleagues around the world, and these have been included alongside others which had been offered or were specifically invited. The pieces address aspects of archaeology in education, from its use in primary and secondary schools to colleges and universities and beyond into professional and teacher training. It is timely, at the end of one century and the beginning of another, to consider just what our subject has done and aims to do in the realm of dissemination and explanation to our successors. All too often, and especially now with the pressure of academic assessments at all levels, and especially to research, there is too little thought paid to content and mechanisms of presentation. The section opens with two historical papers, appropriately describing two outstanding women in archaeology who each had a major influence over education and archaeology in Britain. There has been much celebration of Dorothy Garrod in 1999, the 50th anniversary of her promotion to Professor of Archaeology at Cambridge. Pamela Smith has unearthed some revealing new documentation about Garrod’s rise in academic status, and describes the quite scandalous situation that existed at Cambridge before 1946 regarding women in academia in this otherwise innovative university. Christine Finn has resurrected a remarkable educational film about archaeology made under the academic guidance of Jacquetta Hawkes during the last War. Surely this was one of the first attempts to portray prehistory and the pre-conquest world of Britain as a worthy and civilized place! Elements of the film and Hawkes’ script would be useful to the curriculum makers of today, although much was rather sexist and the gender roles portrayed would not be appropriate in the modern age. The next theme deals with archaeology as taught in schools from an international perspective, and the papers reveal how different backgrounds and political histories direct the establishment view of the past. Training teachers to overcome these constraints is still little developed, although one training course has developed particular strategies to train teachers in appropriate skills. Education does not end in schools, but normally begins at university where most serious students of the subject get their first taste of archaeology. What they get varies enormously between institutions, and from country to country. Universities are for specialization, and it is good for the profession that some students emerge qualified to deal with environments, whilst others are better versed in medieval towns, or in Classical pottery. However, surely all courses in archaeology should be presenting some unifying elements which go beyond the simple definitions of archaeology as the study of material remains of humans? In Britain now, according to the statistics from UCAS (the organization that deals centrally with university and college entries), some 38 institutions (many of them newer universities) offer between them some 431 courses which touch on archaeology. However, this touch may be in the form of ‘Waste Management and Archaeology’ or ‘Tourism’, and not through a focused degree course. Roughly some 30 humanities degree courses at 20 institutions saw 538 students accepted to read for degrees in 1998. Getting a place on a reasonable course

Opening the frontier:The Gubbio-Perugia frontier in the course of history

The frontier between Gubbio (ancient Umbria) and Perugia (ancient Etruria), in the northeast part of the modern region of Umbria, was founded in the late sixth century bc. The frontier endured in different forms, most notably in the late antique and medieval periods, as well as fleetingly in 1944, and is fossilized today in the local government boundaries. Archaeological, documentary and philological evidence are brought together to investigate different scales of time that vary from millennia to single days in the representation of a frontier that captured a watershed of geological origins. The foundation of the frontier appears to have been a product of the active agency of the Etruscans, who projected new settlements across the Tiber in the course of the sixth century bc, protected at the outer limit of their territory by the naturally defended farmstead of Col di Marzo. The immediate environs of the ancient abbey of Montelabate have been studied intensively by targeted, systematic and geophysical survey in conjunction with excavation, work that is still in progress. An overview of the development of the frontier is presented here, employing the data currently available.

Celebrations in prehistoric Malta

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the tempo of celebration in prehistoric Malta through the deployment of new fieldwork data and comparison with ethnographic study of modern celebrations on the same island. The article commemorates the late Jeremy Boissevain and his stimulation of new ways of thinking about prehistory, assesses and updates the 1990 article in World Archaeology by two of the current authors, and deploys new computerized modelling of celestial alignments, in the context of new chronologies and sequential data of celebratory locales. The paper shows how contrasts between the tempo of celebration in modern times and prehistory emerge by comparing ethnographic and archaeological evidence.

Island risks and the resilience of a prehistoric civilization

ABSTRACT Resilience in the face of uncertainty is a universal issue, but of particular concern for small islands where climate change and accelerated sea-level change are current worries. This paper investigates the issues of resilience and uncertainty in the case of prehistoric Malta, which at face value presented a natural environment fraught with many risks. The authors survey these dangers, especially the potential damage to food crops caused by soil erosion, to which the islands of Malta are particularly exposed. The prehistoric inhabitants of the islands nonetheless coped with uncertainty with enormous success as recent new excavations and radiocarbon dating have revealed that the elaborate periods of monument maintenance, for which the Maltese Islands are widely famed, has a duration of some 1200 years.

Jean Guilaine. Les hypogées protohistoriques de la Méditerranée. 2015. 335 pages, numerous colour illustrations, DVD. Arles: Errance. 978-2-87772-544-6 paperback €45.

Renewed investigation of British flint daggers, presented by Frieman, reveals that the manufacture of late third-millennium BC British daggers was probably influenced by the production of Scandinavian flint daggers—via Scandinavian dagger types in the Netherlands—and not the other way around. The implication is that the introduction of bifacial arrowheads, archery graves and flint daggers may indicate a short period during which the eastern part of the British Isles was under continental influence.

Power in context: the Lismore landscape project

* Redhouse, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, England. d.i.redhouse@arch.cam.ac.uk Anderson, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge CB2 1RH, England. maa35@hermes.cam.ac.uk Cockerell, Committee for Aerial Photography, Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RF, England. tfc1000@cam.ac.uk Gilmour, Royal Commission on the Ancient & Historical Monuments of Scotland, 16 Bernard Terrace, Edinburgh EH8 9NX, Scotland. Simongi@rcahms.gov.uk Housley, Department of Archaeology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland. R.Housley@archaeology.arts.gla.ac.uk Malone, Department of Prehistory & Early Europe, British Museum, London WC1B 3DG, England. cmalone@british-museum.ac.uk Stoddart, Magdalene College, Cambridge CB3 0AG, England. ss16@cam.ac.uk