Cathy L. Backinger

Adolescent and young adult tobacco prevention and cessation: current status and future directions

Objective:To summarise the evidence on adolescent and young adult prevention and cessation, and provide future directions for research. Data sources:Data were collected from published literature. Searches for adolescent prevention were conducted using PubMed, PsycInfo, and ERIC; and for cessation, PubMed, and two major reviews that span January 1978 to May 2002. PubMed, PsychInfo, and SCCI were searched for young adults from January 1990 to May 2002. Study selection:Data included smoking prevention studies published from January 1990 to May 2002 and conducted in the USA; all identified smoking cessation studies for adolescents. Young adult data were limited to initiation and cessation studies. Data extraction:Extraction of data was by consensus of the authors. Data synthesis:Results of the review are qualitative in nature using a consensus approach of the authors. Conclusions:School based curricula alone have been generally ineffective in the long term in preventing adolescents from initiating tobacco use but are effective when combined with other approaches such as media and smoke-free policies. Prevention research should consider multiple approaches and the social conditions that influence the development of youth problem behaviours including tobacco use. Because youth smoking cessation has been understudied to date, scientifically rigorous adolescent smoking cessation studies need to be conducted with attention to high risk smokers and less than daily smokers. Tobacco prevention and cessation for young adults needs focused attention. Prevention and cessation programmes need to address other tobacco products in addition to cigarettes.

Quit Attempts and Intention to Quit Cigarette Smoking Among Young Adults in the United States

OBJECTIVES We investigated variables associated with quitting behaviors among current, daily, and nondaily young adult smokers in the United States. METHODS Data from the national 2003 Tobacco Use Special Cessation Supplement to the Current Population Survey were analyzed to identify factors associated with quit attempts and serious intention to quit among young adult smokers aged 18 to 30 years (n=7912). RESULTS Daily smokers who smoked 20 or more cigarettes per day, had their first cigarette within 30 minutes of waking, and smoked no usual type were less likely than were their comparison groups to have 1 more or quit attempts. Nondaily smokers who were male, Hispanic, and smoked no usual type of cigarette were also less likely than were their comparison groups to report 1 or more quit attempts. Although unemployed nondaily smokers were more likely than were the employed to report intention to quit, nondaily smokers with an annual family income of

Tobacco-Product Use by Adults and Youths in the United States in 2013 and 2014.

25,000 to

Nicotine Reduction Revisited: Science and Future Directions

49,000 were less likely than were higher-income families to report intention to quit. CONCLUSIONS Nicotine dependence measures were significantly associated with quitting and intention to quit among daily smokers, but sociodemographics were associated with quitting and intention to quit among nondaily smokers.

Design and methods of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study

Background Noncigarette tobacco products are evolving rapidly, with increasing popularity in the United States. Methods We present prevalence estimates for 12 types of tobacco products, using data from 45,971 adult and youth participants (≥12 years of age) from Wave 1 (September 2013 through December 2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, a large, nationally representative, longitudinal study of tobacco use and health in the United States. Participants were asked about their use of cigarettes, e‐cigarettes, traditional cigars, cigarillos, filtered cigars, pipe tobacco, hookah, snus pouches, other smokeless tobacco, dissolvable tobacco, bidis, and kreteks. Estimates of the prevalence of use for each product were determined according to use category (e.g., current use or use in the previous 30 days) and demographic subgroup, and the prevalence of multiple‐product use was explored. Results More than a quarter (27.6%) of adults were current users of at least one type of tobacco product in 2013 and 2014, although the prevalence varied depending on use category. A total of 8.9% of youths had used a tobacco product in the previous 30 days; 1.6% of youths were daily users. Approximately 40% of tobacco users, adults and youths alike, used multiple tobacco products; cigarettes plus e‐cigarettes was the most common combination. Young adults (18 to 24 years of age), male adults and youths, members of racial minorities, and members of sexual minorities generally had higher use of tobacco than their counterparts. Conclusions During this study, 28% of U.S. adults were current users of tobacco, and 9% of youths had used tobacco in the previous 30 days. Use of multiple products was common among tobacco users. These findings will serve as baseline data to examine between‐person differences and within‐person changes over time in the use of tobacco products. (Funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the Food and Drug Administration.)

Cigarette Smoking Patterns Among Young Adults Aged 18–24 Years in the United States

Regulation of nicotine levels in cigarettes and other tobacco products is now possible with the passage of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (FSPTCA) in 2009, giving the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authority to regulate tobacco products, and with Articles 9-11 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Both regulatory approaches allow establishing product standards for tobacco constituents, including nicotine. The FSPTCA does not allow nicotine levels to be decreased to zero, although the FDA has the authority to reduce nicotine yields to very low, presumably non-addicting levels. The proposal to reduce levels of nicotine to a level that is non-addicting was originally suggested in 1994. Reduction of nicotine in tobacco products could potentially have a profound impact on reducing tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. To examine this issue, two meetings were convened in the US with non-tobacco-industry scientists of varied disciplines, tobacco control policymakers and representatives of government agencies. This article provides an overview of the current science in the area of reduced nicotine content cigarettes and key conclusions and recommendations for research and policy that emerged from the deliberations of the meeting members.

National patterns and correlates of mentholated cigarette use in the United States

Background This paper describes the methods and conceptual framework for Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study data collection. The National Institutes of Health, through the National Institute on Drug Abuse, is partnering with the Food and Drug Administrations (FDA) Center for Tobacco Products to conduct the PATH Study under a contract with Westat. Methods The PATH Study is a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study of 45 971 adults and youth in the USA, aged 12 years and older. Wave 1 was conducted from 12 September 2013 to 15 December 2014 using Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing to collect information on tobacco-use patterns, risk perceptions and attitudes towards current and newly emerging tobacco products, tobacco initiation, cessation, relapse behaviours and health outcomes. The PATH Studys design allows for the longitudinal assessment of patterns of use of a spectrum of tobacco products, including initiation, cessation, relapse and transitions between products, as well as factors associated with use patterns. Additionally, the PATH Study collects biospecimens from consenting adults aged 18 years and older and measures biomarkers of exposure and potential harm related to tobacco use. Conclusions The cumulative, population-based data generated over time by the PATH Study will contribute to the evidence base to inform FDAs regulatory mission under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act and efforts to reduce the Nations burden of tobacco-related death and disease.

YouTube as a source of quitting smoking information

Most tobacco control programs focus on prevention for children or cessation for adults. Little is known about cigarette smoking among young adults. This study examined sociodemographic variables associated with current, daily, heavy, and light smoking among young adults in the United States. Data from the 1998-1999 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS) were used to examine cigarette smoking patterns and correlates of smoking among 15,371 young adults aged 18-24 years. We found that 26% of young adults were current smokers, 20% were daily smokers, and 8% were former smokers. Current smoking rates were higher among American Indians/Alaska Natives (33%) and Whites (31%) than among other racial/ethnic groups. Compared with white-collar workers, blue-collar and service workers were more likely to report current and daily smoking. Blue-collar workers also were more likely to report heavy smoking (OR = 1.97). The unemployed (those in the labor force but not currently working) and those reporting an annual household income of less than US

Advancing the science of adolescent tobacco use cessation

20,000 were more likely to report current, daily, and heavy smoking, compared with those not in the labor force and those reporting an annual household income of

Building Consumer Demand for Tobacco-Cessation Products and Services: The National Tobacco Cessation Collaborative's Consumer Demand Roundtable

20,000 or more, respectively. Young adults not currently enrolled in school were more than twice as likely to report current (OR = 2.36) and daily (OR = 2.90) smoking, compared with those currently enrolled in school. Differential cigarette smoking patterns by race/ethnicity, occupation, employment status, household income, and school enrollment status should be considered when developing interventions to reduce smoking among young adults.