Cathy McIlwaine

Global cities at work : new migrant divisions of labour

List of tables List of figures List of plates List of acronyms Acknowledgements 1 Deregulation, migration and the new world of work 2 Global city labour markets and Londons new migrant division of labour 3 Londons low paid foreign-born workers 4 Living and remaking Londons ethnic and gender divisions 5 Tactics of survival amongst migrant workers in London 6 Relational lives: Migrants, London and the rest of the world 7 Remaking the city: Immigration and post-secular politics in London today 8 Just geographies of (im)migration Appendices References Index

From Coping Strategies to Tactics: London's Low‐Pay Economy and Migrant Labour

This article examines the means by which low-paid migrant workers survive in a rapidly changing and increasingly unequal labour market. In a departure from the coping strategies literature, it is argued that the difficulties migrant workers face in the London labour market reduces their ability to ‘strategize’. Instead, workers adopt a range of ‘tactics’ that enable them to ‘get by’, if only just, on a day-to-day basis. The article explores these tactics with reference to the connections between different workers’ experiences of the workplace, home and community, and demonstrates the role of national, ethnic and gender relations in shaping migrant workers’ experiences of the London labour market and of the city more widely.

Participatory urban appraisal and its application for research on violence

This paper emphasizes the importance of conducting participatory research on violence and describes the range of participatory urban appraisal tools that can be used to do so. This includes tools that can document the perceptions of poorer groups regarding the kinds of violence (economic, social or political), the extent, causes (and the links with poverty and exclusion) and consequences of violence, as well as the strategies for coping with or reducing, it. The use of these tools is illustrated with examples drawn from the findings of research on violence in 18 low-income communities in different cities in Colombia and Guatemala. The paper also outlines a conceptual framework on violence, poverty/exclusion, inequality and social capital that can help in the research design and in analyzing the findings.

Men on the move: narratives of migration and work among low-paid migrant men in London

The impact of migration on gender identities, norms and conventions has been predominantly understood from the perspective of female migrants. Far less attention has been paid to the potential that migration entails for the negotiation and reconstruction of male identities. Drawing on sixty-seven in-depth interviews with male migrants employed in low-paid work in London, this paper explores the reworking of male identities at different stages of ‘the migration project’, focusing particularly upon the reasons extended for migration and how these are shaped by gender ideologies in home countries and negotiation of life and work in London. The paper also draws attention to ways in which these re-negotiations are themselves cross-cut by ethnic, racial and class differences, so constructing a more nuanced picture of mobile men and male identities.

Migrant machismos: exploring gender ideologies and practices among Latin American migrants in London from a multi-scalar perspective

This article examines the complex gendered migration experiences of Latin American women and men migrants in London, an under-studied yet increasingly important ‘new migrant group’ in the UK. Conceptually, it combines a typology of gendered outcomes of migration, together with the ‘gendered geographies of power’ framework that also incorporates intersectionality. This allows for a holistic analysis from a multi-scalar perspective across households, labour markets and the state to assess how and why gender identities transform as people move and how these intersect with class, nationality, and race and ethnicity. Drawing on qualitative research with almost 100 (mainly Colombian, Ecuadorian and Bolivian) migrants as well as participant observation, the article highlights the importance of moving beyond stereotyped migration trajectories that assume shifts from traditional gender regimes to so-called modern ones to emphasise a more nuanced picture. The article argues that while there were concrete changes in everyday gender practices or acts in ways that favoured women, this varied according to class and nationality. In addition, more deep-seated transformations in gender ideologies or scripts were much more resistant to change. Social disempowerment was critically important in tempering changes in femininities and masculinities, although the transformation of hegemonic masculinities into marginalised or subordinate masculinities reflected both the acceptances of changes in gender practices in households and labour markets as well as an exaggeration of masculinity in order to compensate for wider experiences of exclusion, although again this was differentiated by nationality and class.

Violence in a Post-Conflict Context: Urban Poor Perceptions from Guatemala

The study documents how people living in poor urban communities in Guatemala perceive violence. Specifically, it identifies the categories of violence affecting poor communities, the costs of different types of violence, the effects on violence on social capital, the interventions employed by people to deal with violence, and the causes and effects of social exclusion. The study develops a violence-capital-exclusion nexus which is an analytical framework linking different types of violence both to societys capital and to the exclusion of its poor population. To incorporate the rarely heard voices of the poor, the study uses participatory urban appraisal methodology, which emphasizes local knowledge and enables local people to analyze the problems they face and identify their own solutions. Local-level recommendations for reducing violence can be summed up in terms of six priorities: Rebuild trust in the police and judicial system. Attack the problem of alcoholism. Reduce societys tolerance for intrafamily violence. Prevent the spread of drug consumption. Transform maras (violent youth gangs) from perverse to productive social organizations. Develop mechanisms to build sustainable community-based membership organizations.

Geography and development: violence and crime as development issues

Violence and crime are not new phenomena in the field of development theory andpractice. Since the nineteenth century there has been an assumed link between violence,crime and societal development (Rogers, 1989). In the 1990s, however, the issue ofviolence has taken on particular significance. This is partly because of the perceivedconcentration of crime and violence in the countries of the South. For instance, Africa iscurrently viewed as the most violent continent on the basis of crime victimization rates,and is followed by Latin America (UNICRI, 1995; see also UNCHS, 1996). In terms ofspecific countries, Colombia and South Africa stand out as two of the most violentsocieties in the world (Tickner, 1998; Louw, 1997). Moreover, although not a coreconcern, the recent UK Department for International Development’s White Paperidentified violence as an important development issue in relation to gender andpoverty reduction (Beall, 1998; White, 1998). Interest in violence has also been an important scholarly concern within developmentstudies. Indeed, a number of recent texts, especially those considering urbandevelopment in the South, deal with the issue of violence and insecurity. JosefGugler’s (1997) recent edited collection, for example, has a section on ‘Politicalintegration and conflict’ in which two of the six articles deal directly with violence(Adam and Moodley, 1997 on South Africa; Johnson, 1997 on Lebanon). Similarly, JoBeall’s (1997) volume on diversity in the city has a section on ‘Building a liveable city:secure homes and neighbourhoods’ where the four articles are bound together by thecommon theme of violence and insecurity (see especially Patel, 1997). Perhaps themost interesting example of this trend is in Stuart Corbridge’s (1995)

From Feminising to Engendering Development

Feminists have been crucial in challenging the gender-blindness of development discourse and practice. In the process, they have shaped the move from the feminisation to the engendering of development over the last three decades. This article explores this broad shift, focusing on the recent transformations within gender and development discourse and feminist approaches to development relating to diversity and representation, human rights, and the incorporation of men and masculinities within the development agenda, all set within the context of a globalising era. It highlights how women from the South have been critical in reshaping contemporary feminisms to celebrate difference and plurality and challenge Western hegemony. At the same time, feminists have also emphasised the commonalities among women in the name of addressing gender inequalities, evidenced in a recent upsurge in forging transnational alliances facilitated by the contradictory processes of globalisation.

Endangered Youth? Youth, Gender and Sexualities in Urban Botswana

Age is now recognised as a significant social cleavage in research on youth in the South. Using participatory urban appraisal methodologies, this article explores constructions of sexualities among urban youth in Botswana, a country that is currently experiencing an HIV/AIDS epidemic and high levels of teenage pregnancy. We argue that not only are young people sophisticated sexual beings, but that there is a need to adopt more holistic approaches to examining sexualities among them so as to appreciate that constructions of sexualities are multi‐faceted, highly diverse and heavily gendered. This appreciation must then be integrated into a multi‐sectoral policy approach that moves beyond information provision towards one that addresses changes in gender, cultural and sexual identities.

a migrant ethic of care? negotiating care and caring among migrant workers in London's low-pay economy

A care deficit is clearly evident in global cities such as London and is attributable to an ageing population, the increased employment of native-born women, prevalent gender ideologies that continue to exempt men from much reproductive work, as well as the failure of the state to provide viable alternatives. However, while it is now acknowledged that migrant women, and to a lesser extent, migrant men, step in to provide care in cities such as London, there is less research on how this shapes the nature, politics and ethics of care. Drawing upon empirical research with low-paid migrant workers employed as domiciliary care providers in London, this paper explores the emergence of a distinct migrant ethic of care that is critically shaped by the caring work that migrant women and men perform.