César Cantú Ayala

VACÍOS Y OMISIONES EN CONSERVACIÓN DE LAS ECORREGIONES DE MONTAÑA EN MÉXICO

Mountains are ecosystems that harbor great biodiversity and represent important source of environmental services to society. In the present study it was determined for the class 5 mountains (Kapos classification) of Mexico in level IV ecoregions, their level of representation in protected areas and their vegetation and land use coverage, following the methodology developed by the gap analysis program (GAP) of the USA. In 45 of the 99 ecoregions of Mexico exist mountains which cover 20,109,804 hectares, representing 10.3% of the country. The mountains are present in the seven categories of level I ecoregions of Mexico: Great Plains, North American Deserts, California Mediterranean, Southern Semi-Arid, Temperate Sierras, Tropical Dry Forests and Tropical Humid Forests. The 30.1% of Temperate Sierras ecoregions surface are mountains, while they cover only 2.1% of the Great Plains ecoregion territory. In Mexico, only 14.4% of protected areas surface corresponds tomountains, while worldwide, 32% of protected areas are located in these ecosystems. The natural vegetation of mountains represents11.9% of this type in Mexico and 11.5% of primary vegetation, while areas with anthropic uses represent only 2.9%, well below the 13.3% recorded worldwide. Ecoregions of the Sierra Madre del Sur are the second largest covered mountains of Mexico with 20.5%, after those in the Sierra Madre Occidental (25.3%). This situation is alarming, given the high rate of deforestation recorded in southeastern Mexico, where only 21.4% of its territory has primary vegetation, compared to 49.3% for Mexico. Actions are needed to adequately protect mountain ecosystems in Mexico, given special attention to southeast region of the country.

Classification and ordination of main plant communities along an altitudinal gradient in the arid and temperate climates of northeastern Mexico.

Quantitative data on the ecology of the main plant communities along an altitudinal gradient in northeastern Mexico were obtained with the aim of identifying the most important environmental variables that affect plant distribution and composition. The main threats to these communities were also investigated. Importance value index (IVi) of the 39 most important species and 16 environmental variables were recorded at 35 altitudinal gradients each spaced at intervals of at least 100-m altitude. Classification and ordination of vegetation showed six well-differentiated but overlapping plant communities: alpine meadow, cold conifer forest, mesic mixed forest, xeric scrub, Tamaulipan piedmont scrub, and halophytic grassland. Altitude, minimum and average temperatures, and organic matter content are the main variables affecting the plant distribution in northeastern Mexico. Urban growth, mechanized agriculture, and changes in land use are the main threats in the short and medium term to plant communities in this area. Climate change also seems to be having an impact at present or in the near future as shown by the presence of exotic shrubs from warmer areas in mesic and temperate areas inhabited by oak and oak-pine forest.

Degradación de la hojarasca en sitios con vegetación primaria y secundaria del matorral espinoso tamaulipeco

Litter decomposition is a critical process for the maintenance of the fertility and productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Most studies about litter decomposition were made in temperate forests ecosystems. For this reason a study was made with the aim to determine the decomposition rate of litter from sites of primary and secondary vegetation in the Tamaulipean Thornscrub in Nuevo Leon, Mexico, in which the litter bags method was used. Sixty nylon bags were filled with fresh fallen litter from this type of vegetation and were located in four study sites, two with primary vegetation and two with secondary vegetation. Every month five bags were collected from the sites, which were dried and then weighted. The experiment lasted 300 days. For each site annual weight loss, percentage of daily degradation and litter decomposition rate (k) were estimated. Comparisons between sites by mean variance analysis (ANOVA) were made. The maximal percentage of decomposition for the study sites were: 25.92% for site one; 24.58% for site two; 26.16% for site three, and 26.51% for site four. The mean weight after 300 days were: 14.8 g (NS) for site one; 16.1 g (NS) for site two; 14.7 (NS) for site three, and 14.6 (NS) for site four. The litter decomposition rates (k) were: -0.42 (NS) for site one; -0.43 (NS) for site two; -0.47 (NS) for site three, and -0.50 (NS) for site four. No significant differences between the study sites of primary vegetation and the study sites of secondary vegetation were found, even though the sites with primary vegetation showed a slightly higher litter decomposition rate. The k values estimated in this study were similar to those registered for similar vegetation types.

Livestock Effect On Floristic Composition and Vegetation Structure of Two Desert Scrublands In Northwest Coahuila, Mexico

Abstract Microphyllous and rosetophyllous desert scrub plant communities dominate large parts of the state of Coahuila, Mexico, yet differences in how livestock grazing impacts these two plant communities are not well documented. In order to address this knowledge gap, we assessed livestock impact on plant species composition and vegetation structure in microphyllous and rosetophyllous desert scrublands in this northwestern Mexican state. We collected plant density, frequency, and cover data from sites with and without livestock grazing pressure that were otherwise similar in plant composition. We quantified intersite differences using the importance value index (IVI) and the Bray-Curtis similarity index. The species with the highest IVI for microphyllous scrubland were lechuguilla (Agave lechuguilla), honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), and creosote bush (Larrea tridentata); however, in sites with presence of domestic herbivores, desert willow (Chilopsis linearis) and spiny hackberry (Celtis pallida) also showed high values. Plant species with the highest IVIs in rosetophyllous scrublands were lechuguilla, creosote bush, mariola (Parthenium incanum), and blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) for both land use types. The Bray-Curtis similarity index between microphyllous desert scrub and rosetophyllous desert scrub was 62%. Moreover, microphyllous scrub with and without livestock had 48% similarity, whereas rosetophyllous scrub sites with and without livestock were 65% similar. Results indicate that livestock grazing significantly modifies plant species composition and vegetation structure in both types of the studied desert scrublands.