José Marmolejo Moncivais

VACÍOS Y OMISIONES EN CONSERVACIÓN DE LAS ECORREGIONES DE MONTAÑA EN MÉXICO

Mountains are ecosystems that harbor great biodiversity and represent important source of environmental services to society. In the present study it was determined for the class 5 mountains (Kapos classification) of Mexico in level IV ecoregions, their level of representation in protected areas and their vegetation and land use coverage, following the methodology developed by the gap analysis program (GAP) of the USA. In 45 of the 99 ecoregions of Mexico exist mountains which cover 20,109,804 hectares, representing 10.3% of the country. The mountains are present in the seven categories of level I ecoregions of Mexico: Great Plains, North American Deserts, California Mediterranean, Southern Semi-Arid, Temperate Sierras, Tropical Dry Forests and Tropical Humid Forests. The 30.1% of Temperate Sierras ecoregions surface are mountains, while they cover only 2.1% of the Great Plains ecoregion territory. In Mexico, only 14.4% of protected areas surface corresponds tomountains, while worldwide, 32% of protected areas are located in these ecosystems. The natural vegetation of mountains represents11.9% of this type in Mexico and 11.5% of primary vegetation, while areas with anthropic uses represent only 2.9%, well below the 13.3% recorded worldwide. Ecoregions of the Sierra Madre del Sur are the second largest covered mountains of Mexico with 20.5%, after those in the Sierra Madre Occidental (25.3%). This situation is alarming, given the high rate of deforestation recorded in southeastern Mexico, where only 21.4% of its territory has primary vegetation, compared to 49.3% for Mexico. Actions are needed to adequately protect mountain ecosystems in Mexico, given special attention to southeast region of the country.

Degradación de la hojarasca en sitios con vegetación primaria y secundaria del matorral espinoso tamaulipeco

Litter decomposition is a critical process for the maintenance of the fertility and productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Most studies about litter decomposition were made in temperate forests ecosystems. For this reason a study was made with the aim to determine the decomposition rate of litter from sites of primary and secondary vegetation in the Tamaulipean Thornscrub in Nuevo Leon, Mexico, in which the litter bags method was used. Sixty nylon bags were filled with fresh fallen litter from this type of vegetation and were located in four study sites, two with primary vegetation and two with secondary vegetation. Every month five bags were collected from the sites, which were dried and then weighted. The experiment lasted 300 days. For each site annual weight loss, percentage of daily degradation and litter decomposition rate (k) were estimated. Comparisons between sites by mean variance analysis (ANOVA) were made. The maximal percentage of decomposition for the study sites were: 25.92% for site one; 24.58% for site two; 26.16% for site three, and 26.51% for site four. The mean weight after 300 days were: 14.8 g (NS) for site one; 16.1 g (NS) for site two; 14.7 (NS) for site three, and 14.6 (NS) for site four. The litter decomposition rates (k) were: -0.42 (NS) for site one; -0.43 (NS) for site two; -0.47 (NS) for site three, and -0.50 (NS) for site four. No significant differences between the study sites of primary vegetation and the study sites of secondary vegetation were found, even though the sites with primary vegetation showed a slightly higher litter decomposition rate. The k values estimated in this study were similar to those registered for similar vegetation types.