Chad R. Bailey
United States Environmental Protection Agency
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Environmental Science & Technology | 2012
Darrell B. Sonntag; Chad R. Bailey; Carl R. Fulper; Richard Baldauf
The contribution of lubricating oil to particulate matter (PM) emissions representative of the in-use 2004 light-duty gasoline vehicles fleet is estimated from the Kansas City Light-Duty Vehicle Emissions Study (KCVES). PM emissions are apportioned to lubricating oil and gasoline using aerosol-phase chemical markers measured in PM samples obtained from 99 vehicles tested on the California Unified Driving Cycle. The oil contribution to fleet-weighted PM emission rates is estimated to be 25% of PM emission rates. Oil contributes primarily to the organic fraction of PM, with no detectable contribution to elemental carbon emissions. Vehicles are analyzed according to pre-1991 and 1991-2004 groups due to differences in properties of the fitting species between newer and older vehicles, and to account for the sampling design of the study. Pre-1991 vehicles contribute 13.5% of the KC vehicle population, 70% of oil-derived PM for the entire fleet, and 33% of the fuel-derived PM. The uncertainty of the contributions is calculated from a survey analysis resampling method, with 95% confidence intervals for the oil-derived PM fraction ranging from 13% to 37%. The PM is not completely apportioned to the gasoline and oil due to several contributing factors, including varied chemical composition of PM among vehicles, metal emissions, and PM measurement artifacts. Additional uncertainties include potential sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into the oil, contributions of semivolatile organic compounds from the oil to the PM measurements, and representing the in-use fleet with a limited number of vehicles.
Journal of The Air & Waste Management Association | 2007
Richard Cook; Jawad S. Touma; Antonio Fernandez; David J. Brzezinski; Chad R. Bailey; Carl Scarbro; James Thurman; Madeleine Strum; Darrell Ensley; Richard Baldauf
Abstract Analyses of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) certification data, California Air Resources Board surveil-lance testing data, and EPA research testing data indicated that EPA’s MOBILE6.2 emission factor model substantially underestimates emissions of gaseous air toxics occurring during vehicle starts at cold temperatures for light-duty vehicles and trucks meeting EPA Tier 1 and later standards. An unofficial version of the MOBILE6.2 model was created to account for these underestimates. When this unofficial version of the model was used to project emissions into the future, emissions increased by almost 100% by calendar year 2030, and estimated modeled ambient air toxics concentrations increased by 6–84%, depending on the pollutant. To address these elevated emissions, EPA recently finalized standards requiring reductions of emissions when engines start at cold temperatures.
Environmental Science & Technology | 2013
Gayle S. W. Hagler; Timothy M. Barzyk; Sue Kimbrough; Vlad Isakov; Paul Gagliano; Michelle S. Bergin; David D’Onofrio; Richard Baldauf; Chad R. Bailey
Source Air Quality Assessment Gayle S. W. Hagler,*,† Timothy M. Barzyk,‡ Sue Kimbrough,† Vlad Isakov,‡ Paul Gagliano, Michelle S. Bergin, David D’Onofrio, Richard W. Baldauf,†,# and Chad R. Bailey †U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States ‡U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4, Atlanta, Georgia, United States Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, Georgia, United States Atlanta Regional Commission, Georgia, United States U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air & Radiation, National Vehicle & Fuel Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
JAMA | 2002
Joshua A. Mott; Mitchell I. Wolfe; Clinton J. Alverson; Steven C. Macdonald; Chad R. Bailey; Lauren B. Ball; Jeanne E. Moorman; Joseph H. Somers; David M. Mannino; Stephen C. Redd
Transportation Research Part D-transport and Environment | 2004
E.J. Kinnee; Jawad S. Touma; R. Mason; James Thurman; A. Beidler; Chad R. Bailey; Rich Cook
Aiha Journal | 2003
Chad R. Bailey; Joseph H. Somers; Kyle Steenland
TR News | 2013
Richard Baldauf; Greg McPherson; Linda Wheaton; Max Zhang; Thomas A. Cahill; Chad R. Bailey; Christina H. Fuller; Earl Withycombe; Kori Titus
SAE 2001 World Congress | 2001
Steven G. Fritz; Chad R. Bailey; Carl Scarbro; Joesph H. Somers
Archive | 2009
Richard Baldauf; Thomas A. Cahill; Chad R. Bailey; Andrey Khlystov; K. Max Zhang; Richard Cook; Chatten Cowherd; George E. Bowker
EM: Air and Waste Management Association's Magazine for Environmental Managers | 2009
Richard Baldauf; Thomas A. Cahill; Chad R. Bailey; Andrey Khlystov; K. Max Zhang; Richard Cook; Chatten Cowherd; George E. Bowker