Chauncy D. Harris

The, Market as a Factor in the Localization of Industry in the United States

(1954). The, Market as a Factor in the Localization of Industry in the United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 315-348.

The Nature of Cities

CITIES are the focal points in the occupation and utilization of t e earth by man. Both a product of and an influence on surrounding regions, they develop in definite patterns in response to economic and social needs. Cities are also paradoxes. Their rapid growth and large size testify to their superiority as a technique for the exploitation of the earth, yet by their very success and consequent large size they often provide a poor local environment for man. The problem is to build the future city in such a manner that the advantages of urban concentration can be preserved for the benefit of man and the disadvantages minimized. Each city is unique in detail but resembles others in function and pattern. What is learned about one helps in studying another. Location types and internal structure are repeated so often that broad and suggestive generalizations are valid, especially if limited to cities of similar size, function, and regional setting. This paper will be limited to a discussion of two basic aspects of the nature of cities-their support and their internal structure. Such important topics as the rise and extent of urbanism, urban sites, culture of cities, social and economic characteristics of the urban population, and critical problems will receive only passing mention.

“THE NATURE OF CITIES” AND URBAN GEOGRAPHY IN THE LAST HALF CENTURY

On the 50th anniversary of the publication in 1945 of The Nature of Cities by Harris and Ullman, with its concentric zone, sector, and multiple nuclei models of internal patterns of cities, an additional peripheral model is suggested. Further observations are offered on central place, clustered, and linear patterns of distribution of cities. Developments in the geography of cities in the United States and Canada and the published contributions of urban geographers in North America in the last half century are summarized.

PANEL ON NATIONALISM IN THE USSR: ENVIRONMENTAL AND TERRITORIAL ASPECTS

A panel of geographers, demographers, and political scientists discusses a broad range of issues related to the resurgence of nationalism in the USSR and its relationship to environmental protest and territorial disputes: the emergence of nationality politics; differential rates of nationality population growth and urbanization; various conceptions of (and levels of autonomy within) ethnic homelands; the spatial pattern of actual and potential territorial claims; linkages between environmentalism and nationalism (with an emphasis on the Baltic and Central Asian republics); parallels and differences between the USSR and other countries; and consequences of efforts to implement republic-level economic autonomy and khozraschet.

Geographers in the U.S. Government in Washington, DC, during World War II

Geographers in Washington, DC, during World War II and the agencies in which they worked are recalled through the naming of geographers engaged in wartime work during this seminal period in the development of the geography profession in the United States. The five agencies then employing the largest number of geographers were the Research and Analysis Branch of the Office of Strategic Services, the Topographic Branch of the Military Intelligence Division of the War Department, the Board of Economic Warfare (later the Foreign Economic Administration), the Board on Geographic Names, and the Office of the Geographer, Department of State. The impacts of this period on individual geographers, the professional organization of geographers, cartography, higher education, and the government are suggested.

URBAN GEOGRAPHY IN THE UNITED STATES: MY EXPERIENCE OF THE FORMATIVE YEARS

During the period up to and through World War 11, doctoral dissertations in the University of Chicago were written in the form of monographs on individual cities. Among the major themes of this period were situation of a city with respect to a productive hinterland; historical geography of original settlement and sequential development; transportational, industrial, trade, and residential activities in individual cities; land utilization patterns within a city; and tributary areas. These themes illustrate the context of the field at the time members of my generation were students. Among the contributions we in our turn made were empirical quantitative studies classifying cities, theoretical typologies of city distributions and internal patterns, field studies of individual cities, and patterns of urban distribution and growth for the United States or other countries.

Unification of Germany in 1990

Unification of East and West Germany was achieved peacefully in 1990. Agreements on international problems of the eastern boundary, military alliances, size of military forces, and foreign troops were codified in a treaty signed on 12 September by the four post-World War II occupying powers and the two Germanies. Internal problems of unification were addressed by treaties between the two Germanies on 18 May and 31 August. These dealt with state boundaries, the capital, environmental pollution and costs, and a host of economic, political, social, and judicial factors. United on 3 October, the new Germany promises to play a significant role in international affairs. Anew Germany came into existence on 3 October 1990 (Fig. 1). This Germany had not existed previously, at least not in these boundaries with this population, society, economy, government, and international ties. With an area of 357,043 square kilometers, it is two-thirds the size of the Germany of 1871. It is much smaller than France but slightly larger than the United Kingdom or Italy. It has a population of 78 million, compared with 56-57 million for each of these other countries. It also has a stronger economy than any other country in the European Community. In a central position in Europe between east and west and north and south, it has more international boundaries than any other country in Europe: land boundaries are with France, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Switzerland. The full geographical effects of unification will not be apparent until some time in the future. The economic geography of the new Germany cannot now be written adequately. Many enterprises in East Germany are so outmoded that their production is being sharply reduced or closed altogether. But if massive investments are made in state-of-the-art facilities, new factories in East Germany could become the most competitive not only in Germany but also in Europe. The fear in East Germany is of current unemployment; the hope is for massive investment and improved competitiveness. This article deals with the process of unification in 1990 and with the problems involved. THE DECISION TO UNITE The tide of political change in east-central and eastern Europe finally reached East Germany in summer 1989. Breathtaking events followed in * I thank Professor Eckart Ehlers of Bonn University for providing materials and maps. * DR. HARRIS is the Samuel N. Harper distinguished service professor emeritus of geography at the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637. This article marks the fiftieth anniversary of his first publication in this journal in the January 1941 issue. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.177 on Sat, 19 Nov 2016 04:30:52 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

New European countries and their minorities.

The author examines the 14 new Eastern and Central European countries that have emerged since the breakup of the former Soviet Union the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the division of Czechoslovakia. The focus is on the ethnic composition of the populations of these countries. (ANNOTATION)

PANEL ON THE SOVIET UNION IN THE YEAR 2000

A panel of geographers debates possible future developments in the Soviet Union in regional and environmental policy, water resource management, agriculture, industry, energy, population, urban growth and planning, transportation, and foreign trade. The present emphasis on modernization of existing plant capacity in cities of the western, more heavily settled regions of the USSR seems destined to continue, although it will be constrained by a growing shortage of industrial labor, declining terms of trade and resource oversupply in increasingly competitive export markets, and the continued resistance of Central Asian populations to urbanization and industrial employment.

The Refugee Problem of Germany

Dr. Harris is Professor of Geography at the University of Chicago. During the year 1950-51 he was Visiting Professor of Geography at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universitdt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Dr. Wfilker is research associate of Deutscher Landesausschuss der Internationalen Konferenz fur Sozialarbeit, Cologne. She has also been associated with the Institut zur Forderung iffentlicher Angelegenheiten, Frankfurt am Main, and with U. S. Military Government and the U. S. High Commissioners OfJice for Germany.