Chi-Won Lim

Anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract from Myagropsis myagroides on murine macrophages and mouse ear edema

BackgroundThis study aims to investigate anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of Myagropsis myagroides (EMM) in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced ear edema in mice, and to clarify its underlying molecular mechanisms.MethodsThe levels of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured by Griess assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and Akt were measured using Western blotting. Nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were determined by immunocytochemistry and reporter gene assay, respectively. PMA-induced mouse ear edema was used as the animal model of inflammation. Anti-inflammatory compounds in EMM were isolated using high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance.ResultsEMM significantly inhibited the production of NO, PGE2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. EMM strongly suppressed nuclear translocation of NF-κB by preventing degradation of inhibitor of κB-α as well as by inhibiting phosphorylation of Akt and MAPKs. EMM reduced ear edema in PMA-induced mice. One of the anti-inflammatory compounds in EMM was identified as 6,6’-bieckol.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of EMM are associated with the down-regulation of iNOS, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines through the inhibition of NF-κB pathway in LPS-stimulated macrophages.

Hexane Fraction from Sargassum fulvellum Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in RAW 264.7 Cells via NF-κB Pathways

Sargassum fulvellum (Turner) C. Agardh has been used to treat various inflammatory diseases, including lump, dropsy, swollen and painful scrotum, and urination problems for several centuries with no side effects. This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of the hexane fraction of S. fulvellum (HFS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced mouse-ear edema. The anti-inflammatory activity of HFS in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was investigated by assessing the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokine production during Griess reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the anti-inflammatory action of HFS were investigated by analyzing the activation of transcription factor and its upstream signaling proteins. Additionally, an in vivo study of the anti-inflammatory effect of HFS was carried out using PMA-induced mouse-ear edema. HFS inhibited LPS-induced NO production in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in the RAW 264.7 cells. Further, HFS reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. HFS significantly inhibited LPS-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcriptional activity and NF-κB translocation into the nucleus by preventing degradation of inhibitor κB-α. Moreover, HFS inhibited the activation of Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, HFS suppressed PMA-induced mouse-ear edema. The above data indicate that the anti-inflammatory effects of HFS on LPS-stimulated cells are associated with the suppression of NF-κB through the inhibition of MAPKs and Akt phosphorylation.

Comparison on proximate composition and nutritional profile of red and black sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) from Ulleungdo(Island) and Dokdo(Island), Korea

The proximate composition, fatty acid, and amino acid profile of the body wall and viscera of each red and black sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) from Ulleungdo(Island) and Dokdo(Island) in Korea were compared. Moisture, ash, crude protein, and crude lipid contents ranged between 80.26–91.49, 2.57–6.85, 1.13–3.99, and 0.14–2.12%, respectively. The fatty acid values varied depending on the species and the regions of collection. The anteiso C17:0, C16:1Δ9, C17:1Δ7, C18:1Δ11, and C16:2Δ7 were only observed in the body wall. Among the tested fatty acids, the C18:1Δ11 was specific in red sea cucumber, and C20:4Δ6 (17.7%) and C20:5Δ3 (17.6%) were the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in all samples. The contents of the C18:0 dimethyl acetal (C18:0 DMA), C16:1Δ7, C16:1Δ5, and C18:1Δ5 were compared in details. Total amino acids (TAA) of body wall were 1.3–1.9 times higher than those of viscera. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid constituted the major TAA of sea cucumbers. The ratio of essential amino acids (EAA): nonessential amino acids (NEAA) on TAA ranged from 1.15 to 0.67 of sea cucumbers. Viscera of red sea cucumber from Dokdo(Island) were rich in free amino acids (FAA) and showed a high content in leucine.

Dipeptide (Tyr-Ile) Acting as an Inhibitor of Angiotensin -I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) from the Hydrolysate of Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai

The jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai was hydrolyzed with papain and a novel dipeptide purified via ultrafiltration, gel filtration chro matography with Sephadex LH-20, and reverse phase chromatography using C 18 and C 12 columns. The IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS spectrometer analyses showed that the dipeptide comprised tyrosine-isoleucine (Tyr-Ile). The IC 50 and K i values were 6.56

Quinone Reductase Induction Activity of Phlorotannins Derived from Eisenia bicyclis in Hepa1c1c7 Cells

To assess the feasibility of phlorotannins from Eisenia bicyclis as cancer chemopreventative agents, we tested whether they induced quinone reductase (QR) in Hepa1c1c7 cells. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) soluble fraction obtained from E. bicyclis exhibited a QR induction activity in Hepa1c1c7 cells. Successive column chromatography of the active EtOAc fraction resulted in the isolation of four phlorotannins. Their structures were elucidated using one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques and characterized as phloroglucinol (1), dioxinodehydroeckol (2), dieckol (3), and fucofuroeckol-A (4). Among these compounds, fucofuroeckol-A (4) showed moderate QR induction activity, and dioxinodehydroeckol (2) exhibited potent QR induction potency with 2.05 ± 0.04 fold induction at a concentration of 50 µM compared to the dimethyl sulfoxide solvent-treated control cells. However, phloroglucinol (1) and dieckol (3) exerted no detectable QR induction activity in Hepa1c1c7 cells. These results suggest that dioxinodehydroeckol could serve as a useful cancer chemopreventive chemical.

Antioxidant and Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Red Snow Crab Chionoecetes japonicas Shell Hydrolysate by Enzymatic Hydrolysis

We investigated the antioxidant and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of red snow crab Chionoecetes japonicas shell (RSCS) hydrolysate by enzymatic hydrolysis and its molecular weight cut-off fractions. The RSCS hydrolysate was fractionated through two ultrafiltration membranes of 3 and 10 kDa cut-offs. Three fractions ( 10 kDa) were evaluated for total amino acid composition, antioxidant activities using 2′-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] (ABTS + ) radical scavenging and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities and reducing power assays, and ACE inhibitory activity using Hou’s method. Although all fractions showed activity, the <3 kDa fraction of RSCS hydrolysate exhibited the greatest ABTS + radical scavenging, SOD-like and ACE inhibitory activities. However, these fractions exhibited low reducing power. These results suggest that the low-molecular-weight enzymatic hydrolysate of RSCS could be used as a functional ingredient to control oxidative stress and ACE activity.

Purification and characterization of angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptide from the jellyfish, Nemopilema nomurai

The Nemopilema nomurai hydrolysate was produced by the reaction of papain, and an angiotensin-Ι converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptide was purified by using the molecular cut-offs membrane filter, the gel filtration chromatography with Sephadex LH-20 and the reverse phase chromatographic method using C 18 and C 12 columns. Purification yield of the active peptide was estimated to be 0.2 ± 0.1%, starting from the lyophilized jellyfish. The infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) spectrometer analyses elucidated that the structure of the purified peptide is tyrosine-isoleucine (Tyr-Ile). The inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) and Ki values were calculated to be 2.0 ± 0.3 μg/ml and 3.3 ± 0.3 μM, respectively, which acts as a competitive inhibitor to ACE. Keywords : Angiotensin-Ι converting enzyme, Jellyfish, Nemopilema nomurai , Papain hydrolysate, Tyrosine-Isoleucine African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(15), pp. 1888-1893

ACE-Inhibitory Properties of Proteolytic Hydrolysates from Giant Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai

This study aimed to determine the degree of hydrolysis and angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity of Giant Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai (jellyfish) hydrolysates. The degree of hydrolysis using six proteolytic enzymes (Alcalase, Flavo zyme, Neutrase, papain, Protamex, and trypsin) ranged from 13.1-36.8% and the inhibitory activities from 20.46-79.58%. Using papain hydrolysate, we newly isolated and characterized ACE-inhibitory peptides with a molecular weight of 3,000-5,000 Da that originated from jellyfish collagen. The purified peptide (FII-b) was predicted to be produced from an alpha-2 fragment of the type IV collagen of jellyfish. The N-terminal sequence of FII-b was Asp-Pro-Gly-Leu-Glu-Gly-Ala-His-Gly- and showed 87% identity to the collagen type IV alpha-2 fragment of Rattus norvegicus and a predicted protein from Nematostella vectensis, indicating that the ACE-inhibitory peptide originated from the collagen hydrolysate and had an IC 50 value of 3.8 μg/mL. The primary structure of the fragment is now being studied; this peptide represents an interesting new type of ACE inhibitor and will provide knowledge of the potential applications of jellyfish components as therapies for hypertension.

Evaluation of Bacteriological Safety for the Shellfish growing Sea waters in Seocheon Area, Korea

【A Sanitary survey in an Important shellfish-growing area of Biin Bay in Seocheon-gun Korea, was conducted to evaluate bay conditions and compliance with the bacteriological criteria for areas designated for the production of shellfish for export. Seawater samples were collected monthly at 55 sampling stations established in the survey area from January 2006 to December 2008. Bacteriological water quality did not change in response to a small rainfall (10.0 mm), but it increased abruptly in response to rainfall to 62.5 mm The most probable number (MPN) value for total coliforms and fecal coliforms in 1, 980 seawater samples ranged from 1, 600 MPN/100mL and from

Antioxidant and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activities of the By-products of Three Pandalid Shrimps

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