Chitoshi Itakura

Peripheral blood of wild Japanese monkeys

Several years have passed since the .Japan Monkey Centre (JMC) was established. Since its foundation, we have been carrying on a pathological study of the disease of Japanese monkeys and various kinds of foreign-born monkeys, and have dissected more than 1,000 specimens. However, we realized at every dissection that there were few references on monkey diseases and also fcw physiological findings to be compared with our pathological findings. In this paper an outline of the peripheral blood findings of heahhy wild Japanese monkeys (Macacafuscata) is reported in order to serve as an aid in studying monkcy diseases.

Muscle lesions in embryos and chicks on the day of hatching.

Histopathological studies were carried out on skeletal muscles of 1, 723 individuals consisting of embryos, and abnormal and normal chicks which had been collected on the days of hatching during the same year. Muscle lesions were readily found in 360 (21%) of the specimens at low-power magnification microscopy. Muscle fibers in the lesions showed mainly focal swelling, focal rarefaction with a lack of myofibrils and sarcoplasm, and the appearance of basophilic substance. Some of the lesions were associated with mild reactive changes in the interstitial connective tissue. Based on the findings of rarefied areas in the affected muscle fibers, a pyesumption was made that these muscle lesions might have occurred in immature muscle fibers and be regarded as a hypoplastic change.

[Pathological studies on avian leukosis--lymphatic leukemia and germ cell sarcoma in chickens].

The authors have conducted histopathological studies on various types of the avianleukosis complex9?). The materials used for these studies were morbid chickens wlaichhad occurred spontaneously in Japan since 1950.In this paper, histopathological investigation was carried out on 78 chickens whichwere believed to have been infected naturally with a disease identical with what hadbeen known by the name lVareks disease and broken out on 25 poultry farms mainly in1969. The birds were layer chickens of foreign-produced strains from 37 to 191 days ofage. For histological examination, as many samples as possible were collected fromvarious parts of organs, including the central and peripheral nervous systems and theeyes. Furthermore, the authors reexamined the specimens dealt with in their previousreports, part II (neural lyrnphomatosis)20) and part III (ocular lymphomatosis)21).In the present studies, the following particulars were examined: the character ofproliferating cells, the distribution and severity of lesions, and the relationship betweenthe termination of the birds used and the type of proliferating cells. The proliferatir-ugcells were Iymphocytic and divided into three types, large, medium, and small, chieflyon the basis of size. The main Iesion of the disease in question was composed of pro-liferating cells. Such cells were also present frequently in blood vessels. Lesions weredistributed widely in organs, including the central and peripheral nervous tissues, eyes, mesenteries, and adipose tissues, located in the whole body. The lesions were variablein severity. Generally speaking, this disease had a tendency to be more malignant when pro-liferating cells of large and medium sizes were predominant in the cellular element ofeach lesion.From the findings thus obtained, especially those on the character of the proliferat-ing cells, it was considered that the disease dealt with in this paper should be calledlymphatic leukemia, and that neural lymphomatosis and ocular lymphomatosis, which had been described in the authors previous reports, parts [120) and [1121), shouldbe regarded as diseases of the same category as lymphomatic leukemia. Moreover, it wasthought that avian visceral lymphomatosis, which was described in the authors pre-vious reports, parts I) and VI3), should be called germ cell sarcoma.

Pathological studies on an acute hemorrhagic disease in pastured cattle in Tottori Prefecture. Cases occurring in 1967

In recent years, a disease which is called panmyelopathia, bracken poisoning, or fernpoisoning has occurred and come into question among pastured cattle in various districtsof Japan. The authors have encountered some cases of the disease taking an acute fatalcourse among pastured cattle in Tottori Prefecture since 1967. This article deals witltcases which occurred in September, 1967, and were examined pathologically.The materials used for the present investigation consisted of 9 Holstein cattleranging from 8 months to 5 years of age and suffering from this disease on two improvedpasture-grounds located at the foot of Mt. Daisen. Clinically, the affected cattle had atemperature of 4l.5C and a tendency to die with multiple petechiae on the mucosa ofthe nasal cavities, oral cavity, anus and vagina in one week after falling ill. In some ofthe cattle examined, the white and red blood cell counts were less than 4, 000 and lessthan 3, 600, COO per mm3, respectively.Pathologically, general circulatory disturbances, such as nnultiple hemorrhage andedema, were first noticed. As morphological alterations which seemed to be closelyrelated to these lesions, swelling, loosening and hyalinization of the walls of blood vesselsand thrombosis were frequently pointed out. Furthermore, the thrombosis was regardedas being connected with the formation of erosions and ulcers observed in the mucotusmembranes of the nasal cavities and of the digestive canal.Secondly, the bone marrow was replaced by fatty marrow, which was associated withan increase of plasma cells and which showed no hematopoietic activity. Plasma cellsincreased in number also in the medullary cords of the Nymph nodes and splenic sinuses, as well as in the bone marrow. Furthermore, plasma cells, as associated with fibroblasts, were frequently observed in edematous connective tissues.In addition, focal hepatic necrosis, fibrinous pneumonia, and peritonitis were Ire-quently recognized. No regressive changes were present in the Iymphoid tissues. Apart from the cause of this disease encountered, many of the pathological findingsobtained were analogous to those described in the poisonous disease mentioned above.In this study, however, the appearance and increase of plasma cells were noticed invarious tissues. Then, the alteration of the walls of blood vessels and the formation ofthrombi played an important role in the histopathogenesis of hemorrhage and edema Nutthe disease encountered.

NECROTIZING FOLLICULAR OOPHORITIS IN CHICKENS

Histopathological investigation was carried out on tlte ovary of chickens, sincehistopathological knowledge had been very scanty. The materials used for the presentstudy consisted of 348 birds which had been picked up from among those subjected topathological studies on avian leukosis reported previously by the present authors?They included young birds and those 1, 850 days old.Histopathologically, peculiar abnormal follicles were observed in 90 of the birdsexamined, in addition to leukemic proliferative changes. In these follicles, partialnecrobiosis and desquamation of the epithelial cells, which were regarded as the initiallesions, were noticed in the first place. In the next place, the following changes wererecognized: activation of histiocytic cells in the theca interna, appearance of degeneratedcells and lattice cells in the follicles, and production of fibrous tissue (fibrosis) in thetheca externa. Regenerative alterations of follicular epithelial cells were seen at thestage showing these changes.In addition to the changes mezutioned above, the formation of gaps in the follicularwall was noticed as the most interesting finding. Follicular fluid containing degeneratedcells extravasated through the gaps into tlae connective-tissue stroma around the follicle(>r the body cavity. All the ovaries with such abnormal follicles were associated withatretic follicles.The present authors thought that the name necrotizing follicular oophoritis (NFO)was suitable for such lesions.All the 90 caes showing NFO were affected with multiple localized serositis whichis recognized in pullorum disease6). Thereupon, it was thought that NFO might beclosely related to tltis disease. Moreover, discussion was made on histopathogenesis ofthe serositis which might have been caused by the formation of gaps in ovarian follicularwalls.

満洲において流行する家禽ペストに関する研究 : IV. 家禽ペスト継代ウィルスによる鶏中枢神経組織病変について

In 1932 and 1938, one of the authors, YAMAGIWA, studied the histopathologicalchanges in the brain autd spinal cords of chickens infected naturally with fowl plaguein Manchuria. Moreover, he and his associates published three papers on experimentalwork with fowl plague passage virus. This paper deals with neurohistopathologicalinvestigation of the brain and spinal cord carried out on experimental cases with thefowl plague passage virus mentioned above.The materials and methods used in this study had been described in the previousreport, part 111.9) The viruses used were the Hoten A (A) and European strains (D).The chickens used were White Leghorn adults. Chicken brain emulsion containingthe virus was used as inoculum for chickens by the intramuscular route. Microscopicalexamination was performed on a total of 13 chickens. The experimental history ofthese birds was shown in Tables 2, 4, and 6 in the previous report, part [119).The basic histological changes were confined consistently to the ectodermal tissue, and composed mainly of focal microglial proliferation, which was occasionally accom-panied by a few oligodendroglial cells. The glial lesions were divided roughly intotwo groups, nodular foci (Fig. 4) and minute foci (Figs. 3, 6, 7, and 8). The formerwas well-defined, spherical in shape, and generally larger than the latter though vari-able in size. The latter was very minute in size and irregular in shape. A large numberof proliferated glial cells were arranged compactly in the former, but a few proliferatedglial cells were presented sparsely in the latter. It was difficult to find out whethertlae nodular foci were related to nerve cells, blood vessels, or non. On the other hand, the minute foci were often closely connectd with blood vessels, chiefly capillaries.There was a relationship between the occurrence of lesions and the inculated doseor virulent materials (Table 1). In cases given 10-2, 10-3, NO-4, and 10-5 g of brainmaterials, the lessions were predominantly large in number, while they were very small noticed. Changes in the mesenchymal tissue were scarcely observed in chicken inocu-lated experimentally with fowl plague passage virus. Some discussion, thereupon, wasmade on histogenesis in microglial reactions to viral infections.