Sugio Hayama

Correlation between adrenal gland weight and dominance rank in caged crab-eating monkeys (Macaca irus)

It has been reported that there exists a close relationship between dominance rank and hormone, especially the adrenal gland hormone (ALLE~. 1942). Investigating the relation between the adrenal gland weight and the social rank of mice, CHRmTIAN (1959) describes that high-ranking mice have smaller adrenals than do low-ranking. As to man or monkeys, no such reports have hitherto been made. In 1961, organizing 5 groups of crab-eating monkeys, the author had the opportunity to compare the dominance rank and size and weight of the adrenal glands of the group members. 1) Materials and Methods: Crab-eating monkeys used in this study were sent to Japan by air after they had been caught in Malaya. Upon arrival, they were organized into 5 groups as shown in Table 1. Each of the groups I-IV included

Morphological studies ofMacaca fuscata

In studies of animals, as a matter of course, the exact determination of their age is of primary imprtance. Actually, however, it is very difficult to dertermine the age of wild animals. With primates, we usually estimate their age by the teeth-eruption sequence. However, even if the animals in question belong to the same genus or species, we cannot apply any one particular method to all of them, since the dentition varies according to individuals. It is necessary, therefore, to estimate their age not only from their teeth but also from as many traits as possible. As one of the methods of estimating age, the sequence of the epiphyseal union of the limbs in non-human primates has been studied, and we have so far such works as follows: stuides by using skeletons of gorilla (RANDOLL 1944), chimpanzee (ScI-IULTZ 1940), orang-utan (ScHuLTZ 1941), gibbon (ScnuLTZ 1944), proboscis monkey (ScHuLTZ 1942), macaque-langue (WASHBURN 1943), and longitudinal studies of captive rhesus monkeys by means of X-ray (VAN WAGF.NEN and ASLING 1958). The author has been engaged in research by roentgenographic methods on wild Japanese monkeys with Dr. J. Ikeda of Kyoto University, Dr. M. Iwamoto of the Japan Monkey Centre, and Mr. S. Yoshikawa of the Meitetsu Hospital. This paper is based on a series of the joint research on wild Japanese monkeys carried out six times since the fall of 1962.

Investigation on the helminth parasites in the Japan Monkey Centre during 1959-1961.

Many species of parasites, up to the present, have been known in primates. According to Yamashita (1962, 1963), 228 species of helminth parasites, including 166 of nematodes, 5 of acanthocephales, 24 of trematodes, and 33 of cestodes, have been found among 103 species of primates in the world. In .Japan, since Yoshida (1907) first reported a cestode, Bertia sp. (syn. of Bertiella), in a monkey, some dozen papers on the helminth parasites of primates have been reported, and 24 species of helminth parasites have been recorded among 19 species of primates. In the Japan Monkey Centre, 702 individuals belonging to 41 species of primates were dissected and examined during 29 months from the first day of July, 1959, to the end of November, 1961, and 19 species ofhelminth parasites, including 16 nematodes, one trematode, and 2 cestodes, were obtained. The habitats of these parasites were mainly the digestive tract; some were found in the peritoneal cavity, thoracic cavity, and other organs. Some parasites were found in the feces. The life forms, food habits, and distribution of primates examined in the present investigation are summarized in Table 1, according to the reports of many animal ecologists. Here the present authors wish to describe their observations on the helminth parasites found among the host primates examined.

Peripheral blood of wild Japanese monkeys

Several years have passed since the .Japan Monkey Centre (JMC) was established. Since its foundation, we have been carrying on a pathological study of the disease of Japanese monkeys and various kinds of foreign-born monkeys, and have dissected more than 1,000 specimens. However, we realized at every dissection that there were few references on monkey diseases and also fcw physiological findings to be compared with our pathological findings. In this paper an outline of the peripheral blood findings of heahhy wild Japanese monkeys (Macacafuscata) is reported in order to serve as an aid in studying monkcy diseases.

The Hadza and the Iraqw in northern Tanzania: Dermatographical, Anthropological, Odontometrical and Osteological Approaches

The dermatoglyphics, physical measurements, tooth size and dental arch measurements of 4 populations of Mangola are analyzed and the racial affinities of earlier inhabitants are discussed based on the human remains excavated from Gishimangeda cave and Sechikuencho cairns. The Iraqw, Datoga and the Hadza were investigated as representing the Hamitic, Nilotic and the Khoisan speaking people. The Iraqw and Datoga bear a close resemblance in physical features to the other members of the Hamitic or Caucasians as well as the Bantu speakers, while the Datoga are closer to the Bantu than the Iraqw do. On the other hand, the Hadza are quite different from the Iraqw and Datoga, and approach mostly to the North Bushmen and fairly resemble the neighbouring Bantu tribes. The Gishimangeda and Sechikuencho skeletal series can be dated to probably the 13th or 14th century and 18th or 19th century respectively. They are in most essencials hybrid population between the Medi terraneans and the Negroes, but are closer to the latter. The living Mangola peoples with such mixed physical trai ts are the Iraqw or Datoga among 4 populations examined by us. The occupant of Mangola during several centuries ago. therefore, can be suggested as the Nilotic or the Hamitic peoples, probably the former. The Hadza has not been attached linguistically and physically to any definite people. There are no trace of early Khoisanoid in this region.

The pterion in crab-eating macaques

The cephalic index increases steadily to adult in this survey, as well in other primate, contrasting with man, but the length-height and breadth-height indices decrease with age. The facial and upper facial indices increase during growth, whereas the nasal and interocular indices decrease with age. In comparing the body proportions of the Japanese monkey with those of other primates, particularily, in comparing those of the adult stage, the body build, head shape and facial type of the Japanese monkey approaches most closely to those of the macaque monkeys (Macaca irus, Macaca mulatta).

Morphological study on the dentition of the macaque

Type I . The dorsal vagal nucleus distributes only from the central grey matter. Ex.--Macaca fuscata, Comopithecus hamadryas, Macaca nemestrinus, Hylobates lar, Lemur catta. Type [[. The dorsal vagal nucleus distributes from both the central grey matter and the {ormatio reticularis. Ex.--Pan troglodytes. Type ]H. The dorsal vagal nucleus distributes only from the formatio reticularis. Ex.--Pongo pigmaeus, Homo sapiens. A comparative study of the locus caeruleus nucleus indicates that the primates can be classified into three following types: Type I . The locus caeruleus distributes between the central grey matter and the formatio reticularis and has melanin granules in its cells. Ex.--Pan troglodytes, Pongo pigmaeus. Type I[. The locus caeruleus distributes chiefly in the central grey matter and has small melanin granules in its cells. Ex.--Macaca fuscata, Comopithecus hamadryas, Macaca nemestrinus. Type ~. The locus caeruleus is small and has no melanin granules in its cells. Ex.--Lemur catta. The dorsal vagal nucleus and the locus caeruleus of the primates differ from one species to another.

Report on the physical examination of group I monkeys captured in the Shodoshima Island, Japan in 1962

The temporo-frontal is regarded as the more common type among macaques. For instance, Collins (1925) reported the incidence of 88.7 per cent of this type among 210 skulls of macaques. We observed, however, upon examination of skulls of crab-eating macaques (Macaca irus), collected by the Japan Monkey Centre, that the frequency of the temporo-frontal type may vary considerably according to habitat and sex, as indicated in the following table:

Oral findings of wild Japanese monkeys

The incidence and severerity of oral diseases in wild Japanese monkeys have never been adequately documented. A group of wild Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata) consisting of forty-nine individuals was captured on Shodoshima island and fed on a natural raw diet in a very large open cage for six months before examination. The forty-nine monkeys examined were classified into four groups in respect to dental age. Group I deciduous dentition (0-1 year) 12 animals Group II mixed dentition (1-5 years) 13 animals Group III permanent dentition (5-9 years) 13 animals Group IV permanent dentition (9-23 years) 11 animals The oral condition of these monkeys was investigated as a part of the general physical examination carried by the Japan Monkey Centre. This paper is a part of the comparative study of the oral condition among wild and artificially fed monkeys and the purpose of comparison is to clarify whether artificially produced food has an etiological role in major dental diseases or not. Both tooth and periodontal tissue examination were carried out in this study. P-M-A index, gingival pocket-depth, tooth mobility, calculus and debris indices, tooth caries and so on were investigated and recorded. To tranquillize the animals, a tranquillizing agent (produced by Shionogi Seiyaku) was given before experiments. The results of this study were as follows: