Christian Beisser

Morphology and Function of the Feeding Apparatus of Pelusios castaneus (Chelonia; Pleurodira)

ABSTRACT Feeding mechanics of vertebrates depend on physical constraints of the surrounding media, water or air. Such functions are inseparably combined with form. The aim of this study is to show this linkage for the pleurodiran freshwater turtle Pelusios castaneus and, additionally, to point out the major functional and biomechanical distinctions between aquatic and terrestrial feeding turtles as well as several intermediate forms. Gross morphological investigations of skull, hyoid, tongue, and connected musculature, as well as scanning electron microscopy of the tongue surface, show typical features of an aquatic feeder, e.g., strongly developed hyoid apparatus vs. a small tongue with only moderate papillae, and massive jaw and hyoid musculature. Additionally, the special function of the esophagus during feeding is investigated to elucidate the problems of a bidirectional feeder. The esophagus is highly distensible in order to store the excess water sucked in during feeding until the prey is fixed by the jaws. The distension is probably achieved by a coincidence of active (branchial horn) as well as passive (water) components. P. castaneus is a feeding generalist, and is well adapted to the aquatic medium in terms of its functional as well as morphological features. J. Morphol. 244:127–135, 2000.

Fine structure of the dorsal lingual epithelium of Trachemys scripta elegans (Chelonia: Emydidae)

Turtles are adapted to different environments, such as freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats. Examination of histological and ultrastructural features of the dorsal lingual epithelium of the red‐eared turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans, and comparison of the results with those of other turtles should elucidate the relationship between the morphology of tongues as well as the fine structure of lingual epithelia and chelonian feeding mechanisms.

DORSAL LINGUAL EPITHELIUM OF PLATEMYS PALLIDIPECTORIS (PLEURODIRA, CHELIDAE)

Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the flat tongue of Platemys pallidipectoris has shallow grooves and no lingual papillae. The surface of the tongue is covered with dome‐shaped bulges, each corresponding to a single cell. Short microvilli are distributed over the cell surface. Light microscopy shows a stratified cuboidal epithelium with an underlying strong connective tissue. Transmission electron microscopy indicates four layers. The basal cells of the epithelium are electron‐translucent and have a large central nucleus and a cytoplasm with keratin tonofilaments. Plasma cells with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria occur in the basal layer. Production of secretory granules begins in the more electron‐dense intermediate layers and increases as the cells move toward the surface. The membranes of the cells of the deep intermediate layer form processes that project into relatively wide intercellular spaces. In the superficial intermediate layer, the cytoplasm of the cells contains numerous fine granules; these increase in number but not in size in more distal layers. The cells of the surface layer are electron‐translucent with a round nucleus. Contents of their fine granules are secreted into the oral cavity.

The feeding apparatus of Chelus fimbriatus (Pleurodira; Chelidae) - adaptation perfected?

The feeding apparatus of the fringed turtle Chelus fimbriatus (Schneider, 1783) was studied to elucidate the feeding mechanics of an aquatic feeding specialist that has never been investigated in detail before, regarding gross morphology. The skull and hyoid apparatus as well as associated musculature were examined by computer tomography and dissection; the tongue was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The flat skull, the possibility to enormously depress the mandible combined with a cheek-like development, the large, ossified hyoid apparatus, and a well-distensible esophagus enable the turtle to produce an enormous suction force the prey is inhaled with. The jaw adductors are poorly developed in relation to other turtles and thus help keep the skull shape flat; nevertheless, they are able to generate high velocities and exhibit some new performance lines. The hyoid musculature is as well-developed as the hyoid apparatus itself, promoting the high depression velocity that is necessary for good feeding performance. The tongue is nearly reduced and lacks dorsal morphological differentiations. Taking all the morphological features into account, C. fimbriatus is an extremely well-adapted turtle making this species a very interesting object of investigation.

The Fish in the Turtle: On the Functionality of the Oropharynx in the Common Musk Turtle Sternotherus odoratus (Chelonia, Kinosternidae) Concerning Feeding and Underwater Respiration

In tetrapods, the oropharyngeal cavity and its anatomical structures are mainly, but not exclusively, responsible for the uptake and intraoral transport of food. In this study, we provide structural evidence for a second function of the oropharynx in the North American common musk turtle, Sternotherus odoratus, Kinosternidae: aquatic gas exchange. Using high‐speed video, we demonstrate that S. odoratus can grasp food on land by its jaws, but is afterward incapable of lingual based intraoral transport; food is always lost during such an attempt. Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy reveal that the reason for this is a poorly developed tongue. Although small, the tongue bears a variety of lobe‐like papillae, which might be misinterpreted as an adaptation for terrestrial food uptake. Similar papillae also cover most of the oropharynx. They are highly vascularized as shown by light microscopy and may play an important role in aquatic gas exchange. The vascularization of the oropharyngeal papillae in S. odoratus is then compared with that in Emys orbicularis, an aquatic emydid with similar ecology but lacking the ability of underwater respiration. Oropharyngeal papillae responsible for aquatic respiration are also found in soft‐shelled turtles (Trionychidae), the putative sister group of the kinosternids. This trait could therefore represent a shared, ancestral character of both groups involving advantages in the aquatic environment they inhabit. Anat Rec 293:1416–1424, 2010.

Does carbon enrichment affect hyporheic invertebrates in a gravel stream

For a period of one year we injected a solution of stream water enriched with glucose and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus at two experimental sites into the hyporheic sediments of the Oberer Seebach, Austria. The biofilm reacted with a quantitative increase after two weeks. The hyporheic invertebrates were sampled with the Cage Pipe Trap method, where the number of trapped animals is determined by the spatial density and the activity of the invertebrates. Within two and six weeks, the hyporheic invertebrates exhibited a reaction indicating an utilization of the new food resources. Over a longer period of one year, three different reaction patterns appeared. The number of nematods and ostracods increased extensively, presumably caused by the modification of the spatial structure of the environment due to biofilm growth. The number of the small sized invertebrates decreased, reflecting the reduced feeding effort. And the number of the large insect larvae increased indicating that these group is mainly limited by space. The hyporheic zone is described as a ‘self-cleaning DOC filter’, an attribute that is particularly assigned to the ecotone between the riparian soil zone and the stream hyporheic zone.

Oropharyngeal Morphology in the Basal Tortoise Manouria emys emys With Comments on Form and Function of the Testudinid Tongue

In tetrapods, the ability to ingest food on land is based on certain morphological features of the oropharynx in general and the feeding apparatus in particular. Recent paleoecological studies imply that terrestrial feeding has evolved secondarily in turtles, so they had to meet the morphological oropharyngeal requirements independently to other amniotes. This study is designed to improve our limited knowledge about the oropharyngeal morphology of tortoises by analyzing in detail the oropharynx in Manouria emys emys. Special emphasis is placed on the form and function of the tongue. Even if Manouria is considered a basal member of the only terrestrial turtle clade and was hypothesized to have retained some features reflecting an aquatic ancestry, Manouria shows oropharyngeal characteristics found in more derived testudinids. Accordingly, the oropharyngeal cavity in Manouria is richly structured and the glands are large and complexly organized. The tongue is large and fleshy and bears numerous slender papillae lacking lingual muscles. The hyolingual skeleton is mainly cartilaginous, and the enlarged anterior elements support the tongue and provide insertion sides for the well‐developed lingual muscles, which show striking differences to other reptiles. We conclude that the oropharyngeal design in Manouria differs clearly from semiaquatic and aquatic turtles, as well as from other reptilian sauropsids. J. Morphol., 2011.

Size does matter – Intraspecific variation of feeding mechanics in the crested newt Triturus dobrogicus (Kiritzescu, 1903)

Abstract Many studies have yet been conducted on suction feeding in aquatic salamander species. Within the Salamandridae, the crested newt Triturus dobrogicus (Kiritzescu, 1903), occurring from the Austrian Danube floodplains to the Danube Delta, was not subject of investigations so far. The present study examines the kinematics of aquatic suction feeding in this species by means of high-speed videography. Recordings of five individuals of different size and sex while feeding on bloodworms were conducted, in order to identify potential discrepancies among individuals and sizes. Five coordinate points were digitized from recordings of prey capture and twelve time- and velocity-determined variables were evaluated. All specimens follow a typical inertial suction feeding process, where rapid hyoid depression expands the buccal cavity. Generated negative pressure within the buccal cavity causes influx of water along with the prey item into the mouth. Results demonstrate higher distance values and angles for gape in individuals with smaller size. In addition, hyoid depression is maximized in smaller individuals. While Triturus dobrogicus resembles a typical inertial suction feeder in its functional morphology, intraspecific differences could be found regarding the correlation of different feeding patterns and body size.