Claudia Oddi

Comparative safety of interleukin-1 blockade with anakinra in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (from the VCU-ART and VCU-ART2 pilot studies).

Two pilot studies of interleukin-1 (IL-1) blockade in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) showed blunted acute inflammatory response and overall favorable outcomes at 3 months follow-up. We hereby present a patient-level pooled analysis with extended follow-up of 40 patients with clinically stable STEMI randomized to anakinra, a recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist, 100 mg/day for 14 days or placebo in a double-blinded fashion. End points included death, cardiac death, recurrent acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, unstable angina, and symptomatic heart failure. Median follow-up was 28 (interquartile range 3 to 38) months. Sixteen patients (40%) had a total of 22 adverse cardiovascular events: 1 cardiac death, 4 recurrent AMI, 5 episodes of unstable angina pectoris requiring hospitalization and/or urgent revascularization, and 11 new diagnoses of heart failure. Treatment with anakinra was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.08 (95% confidence interval 0.31 to 3.74, p = 0.90) for the combined end point of death, recurrent AMI, unstable angina pectoris, or stroke and a hazard ratio of 0.16 (95% confidence interval 0.03 to 0.76, p = 0.008) for death or heart failure. In conclusion, IL-1 blockade with anakinra for 2 weeks appears, therefore, to have a neutral effect on recurrent ischemic events, whereas it may prevent new-onset heart failure long term after STEMI.

Leukocyte activity in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction treated with anakinra.

Anakinra, the recombinant form of the human interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist, blunts the acute systemic inflammatory response in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), by determining a fall in peripheral blood leukocyte and plasma C-reactive protein levels. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of anakinra on the activity of leukocytes measured ex vivo. Blood was collected 72 h after admission in 17 patients enrolled in the Virginia Commonwealth University — Anakirna Remodeling Trial (2) (VCU-ART2) and randomly treated with anakinra (N = 7) or placebo (N = 10). Whole blood was cultured at 37°C for 24 h to measure spontaneous production of IL-6 or stimulated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 or heat-killed Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) for TLR-2 activation. The cultures of anakinra-treated patients produced significantly less IL-6 spontaneously (71 pg/mL (27–114)) compared with placebo-treated patients (290 pg/mL (211–617), p = 0.005). LPS- or SE-induced IL-6 production, on the other hand, was not statistically different between anakinra- versus placebo-treated patients (344 pg/mL (94–560) versus 370 pg/mL (306–991), p = 0.32 for LPS, and 484 pg/mL (77–612) versus 615 pg/mL (413–871), p = 0.31 for SE, respectively). IL-1 blockade with anakinra in STEMI patients results in reduced spontaneous leukocyte activity ex vivo without impairing the responsiveness to bacterial stimuli.

Clinical predictors of response to anakinra in patients with heart failure

Letter to the Editor Systemic inflammation is often present in patients with heart failure (HF)1. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) a key pro-inflammatory cytokine regulates cardiac function in acute and chronic inflammatory illnesses2. Recent data from two pilot studies showed that treatment with an interleukin-1 blocker, anakinra, improved cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) performance in patients with heart failure - reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)3 as well as in patients with heart failure - preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)4. HFrEF and HFpEF share a similar burden of symptoms, such as exercise intolerance, but different mechanisms of disease5. The aim of this analysis was to pool data from the 2 pilot studies to explore whether baseline characteristics could serve as predictors of improved CPX performance with anakinra. The analysis included 19 patients, 7 with HFrEF 3 and 12 with HFpEF 4. Inclusion criteria included symptoms of HF (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class II-III) on stable medical therapy without any changes in medications in the prior 3 months, hospital admissions in the prior 12 months, and evidence of impaired left ventricular systolic function (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 2 mg/l. All patients underwent a baseline transthoracic Doppler echocardiographic study according to the American Society of Echocardiography recommendations 6: LVEF was measured using volumetric analysis for two perpendicular apical views, diastolic function was measured as ratio of transmitral early diastolic velocity (E) to the mitral annulus early diastolic velocity at tissue Doppler (E’) obtained from an average of the septal and lateral wall measurements, right ventricular function was measured as tricuspidal annulus plane systolic excursion (TAPSE). A CPX was completed according to the American Heart Association recommendations as previously described.7 Patients were then treated with anakinra (Kineret™, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, Stockholm, Sweden); 100 mg subcutaneously daily for 14 days and repeated determination of CRP levels and CPX.3–4 Patients with HFrEF received open-label treatment, whereas patients with HFpEF had blinded treatment. 3–4 Peak VO2 and the minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2) slope were pre-specified primary end-points, reflecting 2 important and complementary prognostic indicators in HF.8–9 Additional endpoints included the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES),10 the Duke activity status index (DASI)11, plasma CRP levels and B-type natriuretic peptide levels. Data are reported as median and interquartile range for continuous variables to account for potential deviation from a Gaussian distribution. Discrete variables are reported as a number (%). Paired changes in each variable were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test and correlations between variables were measured with the Spearman correlation test (SPSS 21, IBM, NY, USA). The characteristics of the 19 patients as a whole are reported in Table 1, whereas characteristics of the subgroups are available in the original publications3,4 Table 1 Clinical characteristics. Treatment with anakinra led to a significant improvement in peak VO2 (from 14.1 [11.4–16.7] to 15.9 [13.7–17.5] ml•kg−1•min−1, P=0.002), the VE/VCO2 slope (from 25.6 [22.8–31.1] to 24.9 [22.8–28.2], P=0.002), OUES (from 2.1 [1.7–2.4] to 2.2 [1.8–2.5], P=0.003), and the DASI (24 [15–31] to 27 [24–37], P=0.016). Anakinra also led to a significant reduction in CRP levels (6.6 [3.6–15.2] to 1.3 [0.5–3.1] mg/l, P<0.001), and no significant change in B-type natriuretic peptide (25 [15–112] to 37 [10–57] pg/ml, P=0.48). Anakinra had no significant effects on blood pressure, heart rate or body weight (data not shown). Baseline LVEF was linearly correlated with peak VO2 (R=+0.52, P=0.024) but not with the VE/VCO2 slope or OUES (both P>0.2). Reduced LVEF predicted greater improvement peak VO2 with treatment (R=-0.47, P=0.044), but not in the VE/VCO2 slope or OUES. Values of E/E’ ratio or TAPSE did not correlate with baseline CPX variables or changes following anakinra treatment. On the other hand, the greater baseline impairment in peak VO2 (i.e. lower value), the VE/VCO2 slope (i.e. higher value), and OUES (i.e. lower value), the greater the improvement seen with anakinra treatment in each of these variables (Figure 1). Baseline CRP or BNP levels failed to predict changes in peak VO2, the VE/VCO2 slope or OUES. Figure 1 Baseline cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) variables such as peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2) and ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope and OUES) predict improvement with anakinra. In summary, the data pooled from two pilot studies confirm the improvement in CPX performance with anakinra across the spectrum of HFrEF and HFpEF, with improvements in peak VO2, (+1.8 ml•kg−1•min−1), the VE/VCO2 slope (−0.7) and the OUES (+0.1) that are considered clinically relevant,8–10 and an associated improvement in perceived functional capacity (DASI questionnaire +3).11 Inflammatory biomarkers, such as CRP, predict cardiac dysfunction and risk.12–14 The current study shows a significant reduction in CRP levels with anakinra. In this pooled analysis, we explored whether baseline characteristics, such as CRP, could serve as predictors of improved performance. We set forth 4 hypotheses. First, we proposed that inflammation (CRP levels) would predict improvement. However, in this analysis of all patients with CRP>2.0 mg/l, this was not the case. Second, we hypothesized that the degree of LV systolic or diastolic dysfunction or RV systolic dysfunction would identify a group of subjects with greater improvement with treatment. While this was in part true for LVEF, the strength of the relationship and statistical significance were marginal and limited to peak VO2. Third, we analyzed whether the effects of anakinra were most evident in those subjects with more severe baseline impairment.15 In our data, peak VO2, the VE/VCO2 slope and OUES prior to treatment strongly predicted the improvement in each of the 3 variables, with greater improvement seen with anakinra in patients with worse baseline CPX performance. The superior prognostic value of exercise parameters should not come as a surprise considering that majority of symptoms in HF are provoked by exertion and are absent at rest, and these parameters are equally valuable in HFrEF and HFpEF.16 Fourth, we explored whether baseline BNP levels, used to stratify patients with HF,17 would predict improvement, but found no association between BNP levels and changes in CPX variables.