Claudio Jobet

Effects of Nitrogen on Productivity, Grain Quality, and Optimal Nitrogen Rates in Winter Wheat cv. Kumpa-INIA in Andisols of Southern Chile

Nitrogen is one of the main inputs of the winter wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) in southern Chile. Nitrogen efficient management is basic to optimizing its utilization while decreasing pollution risks and operational costs. Crop response and N use efficiency (NUE, defined as the ratio of yield to mineral N supply, regardless of source) are important for evaluating N requirements of winter wheat, and reaching maximum and economic yields. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of N rate on grain yield, calculate the N rate that maximizes yield, and estimate the optimal grain yield rate and quality of high-yielding winter wheat cv. Kumpa-INIA. Five annual N rates were evaluated in a randomized complete block design during two successive winter wheat cropping seasons on a Vilcun series soil of the Pachic Melanudands family (Andisol) in La Araucania Region, Chile, and subjected to intensive annual crop rotation. Significant effects (P ≤ 0.01) of N rate on grain yield and quality were found. The optimal physical N rate (OPR) in both seasons ranged from 290 to 339 kg ha -1 , whereas optimal economic N rate (OER) ranged from 248 to 274 kg ha -1 , with yields between 10.2 and 10.1 t ha -1 . Nitrogen use efficiency associated to OER was high in both seasons (36.9 and 41.2 kg grain kg -1 N) and fluctuated in similar ranges. Nitrogen rate increased hectoliter weight and grain protein, but decreased NUE.

KUMPA-INIA: NUEVA VARIEDAD DE TRIGO INVERNAL PARA EL SUR DE CHILE

Kumpa-INIA es una nueva variedad de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) de invierno para pan, introducida por intercambio de germoplasma entre Nordsaat de Alemania y el Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) bajo el convenio con la Trigen Seed Services. Es el resultado de cinco temporadas de evaluacion bajo las condiciones del sur de Chile. Kumpa-INIA es un trigo semienano de ciclo largo, con buena resistencia al polvillo estriado y oidio, moderadamente resistente al polvillo de la hoja y septoria. Su rendimiento promedio en ensayos en cinco temporadas fluctuo entre 4,74 y 15,26 t ha-1 en tres localidades de la zona sur. Tiene buena calidad panadera, con un buen valor de sedimentacion (38,5) y buen volumen de pan (685 cm3).

Plantas doble haploides generadas por cruza intergenérica de trigo x maíz.

The use of double haploid techniques in plant breeding has the potential of shortening genetic improvement cycles in comparison to conventional methods, by means of the fast production (one cycle) of homozygous lines derived from segregant populations, which facilitates rapid homogenization and genetic stabilization. The parental material used (F 3 ) was previously selected under field conditions. A high level of efficiency was reached in obtaining embryos (31.1%), which were rescued and germinated in vitro cultivation to later, by means of duplication via colchicine, to obtain more than 1000 double haploid wheat plants.

Millán-INIA, New Variety of High Quality Early Spring Bread Wheat for Irrigated Soils in Central-Southern Chile

Millan-INIA is a variety of spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) originating from a cross carried out in the Wheat Plant Breeding Project of the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), in the Centro Regional de Investigacion Quilamapu in 1995. This is a spring wheat variety with an early to medium-early head emergence and upright growth habit in the seedling stage. The adult plant is low to medium height and varies between 75 and 90 cm, with a mean of 85 cm. The spike is white with long awns along its full length. The grain is large-sized, white, and vitreous. The weight of 1000 grains varies between 50 and 59 g. It was sown in mid-August at the Santa Rosa Experimental Station (36°31? S; 71°54? W), Chillan. Head emergence occurred 88 to 89 d after sowing, which is 2 to 3 d after Ciko-INIA. On average, Millan-INIA reached a yield similar to that of the var. Ciko-INIA. This line stands out for its good resistance to disease, high protein content (11.5% mean), high sedimentation value, and high W value.

Kipa-INIA, new high yield spring bread wheat variety for Chile

Kipa-INIA is a spring wheat variety (Triticum aestivum L.) originated from a cross carried out in the Wheat Plant Breeding Project of the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), in the Centro Regional de Investigacion Quilamapu (36°31’ S; 71°54’ W) in 1993. It has an upright growth habit in the seedling stage. The adult plant is low to medium height and varies between 90 and 95 cm. The spike is white with long awns along its full length. The grain is ovate, white, and vitreous. It was sown in mid-August in the Santa Rosa Experimental Field, Chillan, head emergence occurred 90 to 95 d after sowing, i.e. is 4 to 6 d before ‘Domo-INIA’. On the mean, ‘Kipa-INIA’ sown under irrigation conditions reached a yield of 11.7% higher than the control var. Domo-INIA, and 18.1% higher in dryland soils.

FARAÓN-INIA, A NEW WINTER TRITICALE (×Triticosecale Wittmack) FOR SOUTHERN CHILE

Faraon-INIA is a new winter triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivar released by the National Wheat Program of the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA in Chile. It is derived from an F9 material received from Nordsaat, Germany, under a germplasm exchange agreement signed in 2006 by both institutions. The crossing was Piano/Focus with Nord 93.7548 pedigree. Faraon-INIA has a winter growth habit, a short stem (semi-dwarf), with a mean height of 106 cm. The spike is long, compact, decumbent, white, and awned. The grain is soft, yellow, with 1000-grain weight of 36 g, and a mean of hectoliter weight of 76 kg hL -1 . It is resistant to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp. tritici) and leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Erikss.) as well as moderately resistant to septoria leaf blotch. Its mean yield for four seasons in three different locations: Temuco (38o50´ S, 72o25´ W), Traiguen (38o45´ S, 72o38´ W), and Purranque (36°31’ S, 71°54’ W) varied between 8.2 and 15.0 t ha -1 with a general mean of 11.0 t ha -1 . Bromatological analysis of the grain showed good protein content (10.6%) and a generally better quality than