Cláudio Melo

An experimental analysis of adiabatic capillary tubes

Abstract This paper presents an experimental study on capillary tubes commonly used as expansion devices in household refrigerators and freezers. The paper discusses the details of the experimental facility that has been developed and used to generate reliable experimental data within an acceptable level of uncertainty. The investigations include the effect of capillary length, capillary diameter, refrigerant subcooling, condensing pressure and type of refrigerant on the mass flow-rates through the capillaries. The experiments were performed with three refrigerants, namely CFC-12, HFC-134a and HC-600a, and at different condensing pressures and levels of subcooling under choked flow conditions. Eight capillaries with different combinations of lengths, diameters and tube roughnesses were used, and extensive data (exceeding 1000 sets) were collected. A conventional, dimensional analysis was performed to derive correlations to predict the mass flow rates for different refrigerants. The predictions from the developed correlations are found to be in good agreement with the measured data and other studies in the literature. The correlations would be very valuable in the design exercise of capillary tubes for alternative refrigerants in future.

Evaluation of tropical water sources and mollusks in southern Brazil using microbiological, biochemical, and chemical parameters

Florianópolis, a city located in the Santa Catarina State in southern Brazil, is the national leading producer of bivalve mollusks. The quality of bivalve mollusks is closely related to the sanitary conditions of surrounding waters where they are cultivated. Presently, cultivation areas receive large amounts of effluents derived mainly from treated and non-treated domestic, rural, and urban sewage. This contributes to the contamination of mollusks with trace metals, pesticides, other organic compounds, and human pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoan. The aim of this study was to perform a thorough diagnosis of the shellfish growing areas in Florianópolis, on the coast of Santa Catarina. The contamination levels of seawater, sediments, and oysters were evaluated for their microbiological, biochemical, and chemical parameters at five sea sites in Florianópolis, namely three regular oyster cultivation areas (Sites 1, 2, and oyster supplier), a polluted site (Site 3), and a heavily polluted site (Site 4). Samples were evaluated at day zero and after 14 days. Seawater and sediment samples were collected just once, at the end of the experiment. Antioxidant defenses, which may occur in contaminated environments in response to the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by organisms, were analyzed in oysters, as well as organic compounds (in oysters and sediment samples) and microbiological contamination (in oysters and seawater samples). The results showed the presence of the following contaminants: fecal coliforms in seawater samples (four sites), human adenovirus (all sites), human noroviruses GI and GII (two sites), Hepatitis A viruses (one site), JC Polyomavirus in an oyster sample from the oyster supplier, Giardia duodenalis cysts, and Cryptosporidium sp oocysts (one site). Among organochlorine pesticides, only DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) were detected in some sediment and oysters samples in very low levels; site 4 had the highest concentrations of total aliphatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) found either in oysters or in sediment samples. The major concentration of fecal sterol coprostanol was found at site 4, followed by site 3. After 14 days of allocation in the four selected sites, there was a significant difference in the enzymes analyzed at the monitored spots. The detection of different contaminants in oysters, seawater, and sediment samples in the present study shows the impact untreated or inadequately treated effluents have on coastal areas. These results highlight the need for public investment in adequate wastewater treatment and adequate treatment of oysters, ensuring safe areas for shellfish production as well as healthier bivalve mollusks for consumption.

Genetic parameters for test day milk yield of first lactation Holstein cows estimated by random regression using Legendre polynomials

Data comprising 263,390 test-day (TD) records of 32,448 first parity cows calving in 467 herds between 1991 and 2001 from the Brazilian Holstein Association were used to estimate genetic and permanent environmental variance components in a random regression animal model using Legendre polynomials (LP) of order three to five by REML. Residual variance was assumed to be constant in all or in some classes of lactation periods for each LP. Estimates of genetic and permanent environmental variances did not show any trend due to the increase in the LP order. Residual variance decreased as the order of LP increased when it was assumed constant, and it was highest at the beginning of lactation and relatively constant in mid lactation when assumed to vary between classes. The range for the estimates of heritability (0.27 - 0.42) was similar for all models and was higher in mid lactation. There were only slight differences between the models in both genetic and permanent environmental correlations. Genetic correlations decreased for near unity between adjacent days to values as low as 0.24 between early and late lactation. A five parameter LP to model both genetic and permanent environmental effects and assuming a homogeneous residual variance would be a parsimonious option to fit TD yields of Holstein cows in Brazil.

Non-adiabatic capillary tube flow with isobutane

Abstract This work reports the results of an experimental study on concentric capillary tube–suction line heat exchangers commonly used as expansion devices in household refrigerators and freezers. Heat exchanger performance (mass flow rate and suction line outlet temperature) with the hydrocarbon HC-600a was experimentally evaluated for a range of heat exchanger geometries and operating conditions. The tests were planned and performed following a statistically based methodology. Based on the resulting database empirical correlations were developed to predict the refrigerant mass flow rate and the suction line outlet temperature.

Parâmetros genéticos para as produções de leite no dia do controle e da primeira lactação de vacas da raça Holandesa

Covariance components for test day records and lactation milk yield using 263.390 records of 32.448 first lactation Holstein cows, were estimated using animal models by REML. Besides the lactation model, two alternative repeatability models (RM) were analyzed. Lactation model included fixed effects of herd-year-season and age of cow with linear and quadratic terms, and random effects of animal and error. The first model for test-day yield (RMF) included the same effects, but fixed effect of contemporary group, defined as herd-year-month of test. Alternatively another model for test-day yield (RMF) used a logarithmic polynomial sub-model for the shape of the lactation curve. Heritability for lactation yield (0.27) was smaller than those estimated by RMF and RMS, 0.30 and 0.43, respectively. Heritability estimates for univariate (0.22-0.36) and bivariate models (0.23-0.33) for test day milk yields were found to be smallest during early and late lactation. Heritability estimate for lactation milk yield when estimated by univariate model (0.27) was smaller than estimates obtained by bivariate models (0.27-0.30). Genetic correlations were higher between consecutive test days than between test days in the beginning and end of lactation. Larger heritability estimates for test day models and large genetic correlations between test day and lactation yield (0.86-0.99) indicate a potential use of test day records in genetic evaluations.

Parâmetros genéticos para a produção de leite de controles individuais de vacas da raça Gir estimados com modelos de repetibilidade e regressão aleatória

Data comprising 8,183 test day records of 1,273 first lactations of Gyr cows from herds supervised by ABCZ were used to estimate variance components and genetic parameters for milk yield using repeatability and random regression animal models by REML. Genetic modelling of logarithmic (FAS), exponential (FW) curves was compared to orthogonal Legendre polynomials (LP) of order 3 to 5. Residual variance was assumed to be constant in all (ME=1) or some periods of lactation (ME=4). Lactation milk yield in 305-d was also adjusted by an animal model. Genetic variance, heritability and repeatability for test day milk yields estimated by a repeatability animal model were 1.74 kg2, 0.27, and 0.76, respectively. Genetic variance and heritability estimates for lactation milk yield were respectively 121,094.6 and 0.22. Heritability estimates from FAS and FW, respectively, decreased from 0,59 and 0.74 at the beginning of lactation to 0.20 at the end of the period. Except for a fifth-order LP with ME=1, heritability estimates decreased from around 0,70 at early lactation to 0,30 at the end of lactation. Residual variance estimates were slightly smaller for logarithimic than for exponential curves both for homogeneous and heterogeneous variance assumptions. Estimates of residual variance in all stages of lactation decreased as the order of LP increased and depended on the assumption about ME. Estimates of genetic and permanent environment variances did not show any trend due to the increase in the order of LP. Genetic correlation estimates between TD were largest for LP and larger for FW than for FAS. Except for FAS, a similar pattern in genetic correlation estimates was observed for all curves decreasing from values close to unity between adjacent TD at early lactation to negative values for TD in the beginning and the end of lactation. The Legendre polynomial of order five and the FAS under ME4 best fitted the data. There is a potential for using random regression to model animal genetic and permanent environmental effects using test day information of Gyr cows.

Comparison of the antioxidant defense system in Crassostrea rhizophorae and Crassostrea gigas exposed to domestic sewage discharges.

Oysters Crassostrea rhizophorae and Crassostrea gigas were kept for fourteen days at four sites in São José, SC, Brazil, chosen according to a sewage discharge contamination gradient. Enzymatic activities of CAT, GST, G6PDH and GR were evaluated in gills and digestive glands. Higher CAT activity was observed in tissues of C. rhizophorae in response to sewage contamination possibly indicating peroxisome proliferation induction. C. gigas showed elevated G6PDH activity in digestive gland, and GR in gills, after domestic sewage exposure. In conclusion, C. rhizophorae and C. gigas showed different biochemical responses after in situ exposure to domestic sewage. However, C. rhizophorae showed more significant changes in CAT suggesting that this organism could be a better monitor to this kind of effluent.

Experimental mapping of the thermodynamic losses in vapor compression refrigeration systems

The present study introduces a methodology for mapping the thermodynamic losses of vapor compression refrigeration systems which consists of a theoretical model that splits the coefficient of performance into four terms: (i) the coefficient of performance of an ideal cycle (Carnot), (ii) the efficiency of a real cycle running with an ideal compressor, (iii) the compression efficiency of a real compressor, and (iv) the cycling efficiency. In addition, measurements of the relevant variables at several positions along the refrigeration loop are also required, generating performance data not only for the whole unit but also for each one of the system components. The proposed methodology points out the thermodynamic losses of the refrigeration system, identifying opportunities for energy performance improvement. In addition, the methodology is suitable for comparing different refrigeration systems with respect to the same thermodynamic baseline. Albeit the methodology was originally developed for household refrigerators, it can be easily extended to any kind of vapor-compression refrigeration systems.

Strategic marker selection to detect quantitative trait loci in chicken

Selective genotyping for a certain trait in individuals with extreme phenotypes contributes sufficient information to determine linkage between molecular markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL). In this experiment an F2 population, developed by crossing males from a broiler line with females from a layer line, was employed to detect QTL on chromosomes 3 and 5. Twenty-eight performance and carcass traits were measured in F2 offspring, and phenotypic correlations between traits were calculated. Body weight at 42 days (BW42) presented the greatest positive correlations with most other traits, with correlation between body weights at 35 and 41 days, weight gain between birth and 35, 41 and 42 days, as well as weights of carcass and some body parts superior to 0.8. One hundred-and-seventy F2 offspring, representing the top (4.5%) and the bottom (4.5%) of a normal distribution curve of BW42, were selected with equal proportions of males and females, and within dam family. Samples were genotyped for 19 informative markers on chromosome 3, and 11 markers on chromosome 5. Marker allelic frequencies of phenotypic groups with high and low BW42 were compared with a chi-square test. Four regions on chromosome 3 and three regions on chromosome 5 had markers that were suggestively associated with BW42 (P < 0.10), confirming and expanding previous studies.

Genetic characterization of the Neotropical catfish Pimelodus maculatus (Pimelodidae, Siluriformes) in the Upper Uruguay River

Freshwater fish present unique challenges when one attempts to understand the factors that determine the structure of their populations. Habitat fragmentation is a leading cause of population decline that threatens ecosystems worldwide. In this study, we investigated the conservation status of genetic variability in the Neotropical catfish (Pimelodus maculatus). Specifically, we examined the structure and genetic diversity of this species in a region of the Upper Uruguay River fragmented by natural barriers and dams. There was no genetic structure among the four sites analyzed, indicating the existence of only one population group. A combination of environmental management and genetic monitoring should be used to minimize the impact of impoundment on panmitic populations of migratory fish species.