Rui da Silva Verneque

Lactation curve in Guzera breed

The objectives of this work were to identify the mathematical functions that better fitted the milk production of Guzera breed cows, to evaluate the effects of the environmental factors on the lactation curve format and to estimate the genetic parameters for the milk production and for the dependable components of the lactation curve format. A total of 1130 lactations from 583 Guzera breed cows, daughters of 165 bulls, with production over the period from 1983 to 1997 were used. The models y = a n e -cn, y = a - cn + ln (n), y=a -cn e y =a e-c n were the ones that best fitted the milk production of the cows. By the analysis of variance, it was observed that the effects of cow herd, calving year and cow age at calving influenced the total milk production, initial milk production and milk decline production rate characteristics. The coefficients of heritability and repeatability estimates were obtained by means of one and two characteristic analyses. The animal selection, based only on the of the lactation curve format, would be of low efficiency.

Genome wide scan for quantitative trait loci affecting tick resistance in cattle (Bos taurus × Bos indicus).

BackgroundIn tropical countries, losses caused by bovine tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infestation have a tremendous economic impact on cattle production systems. Genetic variation between Bos taurus and Bos indicus to tick resistance and molecular biology tools might allow for the identification of molecular markers linked to resistance traits that could be used as an auxiliary tool in selection programs. The objective of this work was to identify QTL associated with tick resistance/susceptibility in a bovine F2 population derived from the Gyr (Bos indicus) × Holstein (Bos taurus) cross.ResultsThrough a whole genome scan with microsatellite markers, we were able to map six genomic regions associated with bovine tick resistance. For most QTL, we have found that depending on the tick evaluation season (dry and rainy) different sets of genes could be involved in the resistance mechanism. We identified dry season specific QTL on BTA 2 and 10, rainy season specific QTL on BTA 5, 11 and 27. We also found a highly significant genome wide QTL for both dry and rainy seasons in the central region of BTA 23.ConclusionsThe experimental F2 population derived from Gyr × Holstein cross successfully allowed the identification of six highly significant QTL associated with tick resistance in cattle. QTL located on BTA 23 might be related with the bovine histocompatibility complex. Further investigation of these QTL will help to isolate candidate genes involved with tick resistance in cattle.

Sensibilidade e especificidade do "California Mastitis Test" como recurso diagnóstico da mastite subclínica em relação à contagem de células somáticas

The California Mastitis Test (CMT) is a simple and widely used diagnostic tool for subclinical mastitis. It is used even in areas where laboratory facilities are available for diagnosis and monitoring program purposes. CMT usually score 1-5, where 1 indicates a completely negative reaction and 2-5 increasing degrees of inflammatory reaction of the udder. The reactions 2-5, 3-5 or 4-5 may be considered as indicative of subclinical mastitis, bever, may produce either false-positive or false-negative results. The aim of this study waecause they are related to an increase of the somatic cell count (SCC) in the milk. This variation, hows to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the CMT in comparison with SCC. A total of 3,012 quarter milk samples from 760 lactating cows were examined. CMT was evaluated at the moment of sampling at cow side and SCC in the laboratory, with a fluoro-opto-electronic method (Fossomatic 90). The average CCS (x 1,000 cells/ml) for CMT scores were: 1 (79.9), 2 (333.5), 3 (670.3), 4 (1,354.0) and 5 (4,455.6). Three options for CMT interpretation were evaluated in relation to a range of CCS, starting from 100,000 cells/ml: (a) 1 versus 2, 3, 4, and 5; (b) 1 and 2 versus 3, 4 and 5; and (c) 1, 2 and 3 versus 4 and 5. The sensitivities of CMT scoring to detect quarters with SCC >200,000/ml were 79%, 61% e 34% for options a, b and c, respectively. The sensitivities of CMT scores for SCC >500,000/ml for options a, b and c, were, respectively, 93%, 82% e 54%. The sensitivity of CMT scores to identify subclinical mastitis was satisfactory (above 80%) when options b and c were used. The interpretation of CMT score 3 as negative for subclinical mastitis was considered as adequate (sensitivity around 80%) only when CCS ranged between 1,200,000 and 1,400,000 cells/ml. The specificities of CMT scoring for CCS of 200,000 and 500,000 were, respectively, 90% and 80% (option a), 97% and 90% (option b) and 99% and 97% (option c).

Estimativas de Consumo do Capim-Elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum), Fornecido Picado para Vacas Lactantes Utilizando a Técnica do Óxido Crômico

O consumo de materia seca (CMS) de vacas mesticas Holandes-Zebu, fistuladas no rumen, em lactacao, foi medido pela diferenca de peso do alimento oferecido e das sobras e estimado com auxilio do oxido cromico (Cr2O3) pela producao fecal (PF) e indigestibilidade do alimento. O delineamento experimental foi em tres quadrados latinos (3x3) e os tratamentos consistiram de capim-elefante cortado nas idades de 30, 45 e 60 dias. A digestibilidade in vitro da materia seca (DIVMS) foi determinada nas amostras do capim-elefante e estimada a partir do consumo medido diretamente e pela producao fecal obtida com o Cr2O3. A producao fecal foi tambem calculada (PFc) a partir dos valores do consumo (direto) e da DIVMS e foi estimada pela relacao do indicador administrado/indicador excretado. Foram observadas diferencas entre os CMS obtidos nas tres idades de corte do capim-elefante pelos dois metodos avaliados. Os CMS medios obtidos pelo metodo direto foram de 8,00; 10,00 e 11,02 kg/vaca/dia, respectivamente, para o capim cortado com 30, 45 e 60 dias. Os CMS estimados com auxilio do Cr2O3 foram de 9,00; 11,10 e 12,00 kg/vaca/dia, para os mesmos tratamentos. As estimativas de consumo utilizando o Cr2O3 foram superestimadas em 9,25% em relacao aos resultados obtidos pelo metodo direto.

Avaliação genética de bovinos da raça holandesa usando a produção de leite no dia do controle

153,963 test day milk yield records and 13,273 first lactations of Holstein cows calving between 1989 and 1998, were used with the objective of estimating genetic, phenotypic and environmental parameters for test day milk yield (PLDC) and 305 day milk yield (P305) and to study the convenience of using test day yields in genetic evaluations to replace P305. Four models were used. Models 1 and 2 differed according contemporary grouping and monthly milk records were considered as repeated measures. In model 1 (PLDCM01) records were grouped by herd-year-season of test day yield and in model 2 (PLDCM02) by herd-year-season of calving. In a third (model 3), monthly yield records were analyzed as individual traits (C01 to C10); and the fourth (model 4) was the traditional 305-day model. Restricted Maximum Likelihood methodology was used with the MTDFREML system. The estimates of heritability for PLDC, using model 1, model 2 and for P305 were 0.27, 0.15 and 0.25, respectively. Heritabilities for monthly milk records ranged from 0.11+0.02 (C01) to 0.21+0.03 (C08), with the largest values occurring beginning in the fourth month. Genetic correlation estimates between monthly records and P305 ranged from 0.76 to 1.00, with the highest correlations occurring in the middle lactation. It was concluded that using test day milk yield is promising and that selecting for middle lactation records could have advantages over 305-day milk yield.

Parentage testing and effect of misidentification on the estimation of breeding value in Gir cattle

A correct relationship among sires is essential for an efficient breeding program. Microsatellite markers were used in progeny tests, to assess the paternity of seventy-four probable offspring of nine Gir dairy sires. A 36% misidentification rate was observed; however, these errors had minimal effects on the ranking of the nine bulls with regard to their genetic values. The results suggest that paternity tests should be performed in breeding programs, in order to prevent inappropriate paternities from influencing the genetic value of bulls in the future.

Desempenho de vacas da raça Holandesa em pastagem de coastcross

The productive performance of Holstein cows grazing fertilized coastcross (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pears) pasture, strategically irrigated and supplemented with either 3 or 6 kg of concentrate/cow/day, was evaluated in this trial. The data were collected for three years (October/2000 to October/2003), involving 108 lactations. A completely randomized block design with two treatment replications was adopted, with nine animals per paddock. The pasture was strip grazed at a stocking rate of five cows per hectare, with rest periods of 25 and 35 days in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The pasture was irrigated in the months of lowest rainfall and fertilized with NPK broadcast at six applications/year. The pre-grazing pasture masses were 7,280 kg/ha and 6,167 kg/ha with post-grazing residuals of 4,885 kg/ha and 3,994 kg/ha, in the rainy (Spring/Summer) and dry (Fall/Winter) seasons, respectively. During part of the experimental period, a few morphogenic characteristics of the pasture were evaluated. Leaf blade growth rates of 83.9, 125.6 and 89.5 kg DM/ha/day were recorded in the Spring, Summer and Fall season, respectively. The average daily milk yields were 15.5 and 19.1 kg/day/cow with 3.5% of fat and 77.80 and 94.00 kg/ha, for either 3 or 6 kg of concentrate/cow/day, respectively. It was concluded that fertilized coastcross pasture adequately managed enables high milk yields per cow and per hectare.

Capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), sob duas doses de nitrogênio. Consumo e produção de leite

The milk production, the dry matter intake (DMI) and the NDF passage rate in the gastrointestinal tract in four seasons (July, October, January and March), of crossbred cows, under grazing of elephant grass, submitted to two levels of nitrogen (300 and 700 kg N/ha•year) were estimated. The rotation grazing with three days of occupation and 30 days of resting, using 36 crossbred Holstein Zebu milking cows, in a stocking rate of 6 cows/ha, was used. The estimates of the intake and passage rate were determined only in 24 animals. For the extrusa collection, two esophageal fistulated cows were used. The intake was estimated using the fecal output: feed indigestibility ratio. The fecal output was estimated using the NDF of the extrusa marked with sodium dichromium fed in an unique dose. The total dry matter intake was not affected by the N levels and the year seasons, with average values of 10.9 and 10.5 kg DM/cow, for the levels of 300 and 700kg N/ha•year, respectively. However, the DM intake of the elephant grass was affected by N levels and year seasons, with reported values of 6.55 e 5.63 kg/cow•day, for the above described N levels, respectively. The elephant grass contributed with 26% of the total DM intake during the dry season (July/October) and its contribution increased up to 84% in the rainy season (January/March). The milk production was not affected by N levels, with reported average production of 11.6 and 12.3 kg/cow•day, for the levels of 300 and 700 kg N/ha•year, respectively.

Random regression models using Legendre polynomials or linear splines for test-day milk yield of dairy Gyr (Bos indicus) cattle

Studies investigating the use of random regression models for genetic evaluation of milk production in Zebu cattle are scarce. In this study, 59,744 test-day milk yield records from 7,810 first lactations of purebred dairy Gyr (Bos indicus) and crossbred (dairy Gyr × Holstein) cows were used to compare random regression models in which additive genetic and permanent environmental effects were modeled using orthogonal Legendre polynomials or linear spline functions. Residual variances were modeled considering 1, 5, or 10 classes of days in milk. Five classes fitted the changes in residual variances over the lactation adequately and were used for model comparison. The model that fitted linear spline functions with 6 knots provided the lowest sum of residual variances across lactation. On the other hand, according to the deviance information criterion (DIC) and bayesian information criterion (BIC), a model using third-order and fourth-order Legendre polynomials for additive genetic and permanent environmental effects, respectively, provided the best fit. However, the high rank correlation (0.998) between this model and that applying third-order Legendre polynomials for additive genetic and permanent environmental effects, indicates that, in practice, the same bulls would be selected by both models. The last model, which is less parameterized, is a parsimonious option for fitting dairy Gyr breed test-day milk yield records.

Resposta do tifton 85 a doses de nitrogênio e intervalos de cortes

This experiment was carried out at Embrapa-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Leite, located in Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, from October, 1995 to October, 1997, to evaluate the effects of five N doses (0, 100, 200, 400 and 600 kg/ha/year) and three cutting intervals (two, four and six weeks, during the rainy season, and four, six and eight weeks, during the dry season) on dry matter production and crude protein content of tifton 85. Data were analyzed as randomized blocks design in split-plot, with three replicates. The annual dry matter yield increased up to the highest dose of 600 kg/ha/year of N fertilization and up to four weeks cutting interval, during rainy season, and six-week cutting intervals, during the dry season. The highest production of dry matter was 23.1 ton/ha/year, of which 17.8 ton/ha were obtained in the rainy season. The lowest production was 2.6 ton/ha/year, of which 1.9 ton/ha were obtained in the rainy season. Crude protein content varied inversely with cutting intervals and as the amount of N fertilization increased up to dose of 600 kg/ha/year. The crude protein contents did not differ significantly with cutting intervals during the raining season. The highest level of crude protein obtained was 21.7%. Tifton 85 persistency was hampered in the absence of N fertilization and the shortest cutting interval.