Cornelis J. Lammers

Three-Mode Principal Component Analysis of Multivariate Longitudinal Organizational Data

The exploratory role three-mode principal component analysis can play in analyzing multivariate longitudinal organizational data is outlined by an exposition of the technique itself, and by its application to organizational data from Dutch hospitals. Relationships with some other techniques for such data are indicated.

Occupation Regimes Alike and Unlike: British, Dutch and French Patterns of Inter-Organizational Control of Foreign Territories:

Occupation, in the sense of foreign domination brought about or sustained by force, is nearly always characterized by the use (or threat) of negative sanctions, by some form of authority, and by the application of positive sanctions. Furthermore, loyal elites (auxiliaries legitimized from above) and native elites (legitimized from below) generally play a crucial role in the control of the subjugated populace. Intercultural variations in occupation regimes are illustrated by the historical example of Dutch, British and French patterns of control in the Spanish Netherlands in the early 18th century. Whereas the Dutch and the English preferred indirect rule via native elites, the French tended to favour direct rule by assimilated loyal elites. However, the French and the Dutch practised, albeit in varying ways, ‘close supervision’, while the British displayed a fairly relaxed ‘laissez-faire’ pattern of control. Similar differences were discerned in studies of the colonial administration practices of Britain, France and The Netherlands in Africa and Asia, while Hofstede’s findings concerning the dimensions of culture suggest that the variations in question reflect home-grown styles of organizing. The results can be interpreted with the aid of rational choice theory in the manner of Coleman, Stinchcombe’s theory about the historical insignia of organizational designs and a touch of Weberian thought.

The American Occupation Regime in Comparative Perspective: The Case of Iraq

Taking as a starting point the case of Iraq, it is argued that the administration of this country by the Coalition from May 2003 onward, is an American example of a culture-bound type of occupation. Already in the early eighteenth-century international differences in occupation regimes between France, England, and the Dutch Republic are discernable. Therefore, in all likelihood, the United States also developed in the course of their history a characteristic pattern of controlling foreign territories. This American modus occupandi could very well stem from the English style of occupying, but may differ in two important respects: it usually is a “short-winded affair,” and it can either come down to a rather peaceful “laissez-faire” or to a war-like type of occupation. Finally, the question is discussed in how far such a style of occupation can result in a more or less “constructive” form of foreign domination. In the author’s impression, occupational “success” or “failure” probably depends as much, if not more, on the state of the occupied system—to wit, the degree of unison between native elites—as on the strategy of the occupant.

Book Review Essay : Wolfgang Sofsky: Die Ordnung des Terrors: das Konzentrationslager (The order of terror: the concentration camp) 1993, Frankfurt am Main: Fischer. 390 pages

Book Review Essays will be published occasionally. If, in our opinion, an obviously outstanding book has been published, a prominent scholar will be asked to write an essay-length review. We hope that these essays will stimulate further discussion and place organizational issues into a broader perspective. The first Book Review Essay appears below. Cor Lammers has written insightfully on Wolfgang Sofsky’s book about the order and power relations of the Nazi concentration camp. This is a notable essay on a remarkable book — and a demonstration of the virtue and power of organizational analysis.

Book Reviews : Maurizio Bach: Die charismatischen Fuhrerdiktaturen. Drittes Reich und italienischer Faschismus im Vergleich ihrer Herrschaftsstrukturen: 1990. Baden-Baden: Nomos. 198 pages

apex of the system of governance in the two countries in question. He concludes that, indeed, in Italy, such a transition from charismatic to mainly bureaucratic authority can be discerned, but not in Germany. The history of Italian fascism exhibits successful efforts by the Di<ce to dismantle or domesticate the revolutionary cadres of his party and its para-military sqlladristi, but hardly any waning of his charismatic authority. Although Mussolini saw to it primarily by legislative change ! that all the ultimate executive powers became firmly concentrated in his hands, for the implementation of his orders and policies, he relied mainly on the qua structure and personnel largely unaltered state bureaucracy of the Italian constitutional monarchy which had existed prior to the fascists’ March on Rome in October 1922. In other words, he

Book Reviews: Neil J. Smelser (ed.): Handbook of Modern Sociology 1988, Beverly Hills: Sage. 824 pages

useful for those readers of O. S. who do not move around in sociology circles, to be posted on relevant contributions to a recent Handbook of Modern Sociology and to the latest Volume of the Annual Review of Sociology. The Handbook under consideration is a sequel to an earlier one edited by Faris in 1964 and aims at taking stock of sociology as it stands nowadays in the U.S. The North-American bias is frankly admitted in the Introduction (p. 15), but justified by the editor on the grounds that some of the contributors take serious note of important work in the ’rest’ of the world (especially Western Europe), and that, after all, sociology has been and remains a subject dominated by North Americans. This book contains