Cristian Faturi

Composição Física da Carcaça, Qualidade da Carne e Conteúdo de Colesterol no Músculo Longissimus dorsi de Novilhos Red Angus Superprecoces, Terminados em Confinamento e Abatidos com Diferentes Pesos

The carcass physical composition, meat quality and cholesterol content in the Longissimus dorsi muscle of 24 Red Angus steers finished in feedlot with different weights were evaluated. Steers average age and weight at the beginning of the feedlot were, respectively, eight months and 189 kg. The number of days on feed was 114, 144, 173 and 213 days to reach the slaughter weight (PA) of 340, 373, 400.6 or 433.6 kg. The carcass composition was affected by the slaugther weight, with a quadratic response for bone percentage (%bone= 92.81 ¾ 0.402PA + 0.0005PA2), being the minimum value of 12% at a PA of 402 kg. The muscle percentage decreased linearly (%musc.= 78.38 ¾ 0.042PA) while the fat percent increased (%fat= 3.92 + 0.052PA). The edible portion:bone ratio showed a quadratic relation with slaughter weight (EP:B= -31.88 + 0.194PA ¾ 0.0002PA2) showing the maximun value of 6.47 for the carcasses produced by animals slaughtered with 395 kg. Muscle:bone ratio did not change with slaughter weight, being the average of 4.4 for all slaughter weights. Meat color and texture were not affected by slaughter weight, while marbling score increased linearly (Marb.= -13.35 + 0.051667PA). Increasing the slaughter weight resulted in lower thawing losses and higher cooking losses. The meat tenderness was not affected by slaughter weight and was classified as tender and very tender. Meat juiciness and palatability were sligthtly above average. The Longissimus dorsi ether extract concentration and cholesterol content were not affected by slaughter weight being 2.35% and 43.07 mg of cholesterol/100 g of muscle, respectively.

Características de carcaça de bovinos de corte inteiros ou castrados de diferentes composições aciais Charolês x Nelore

The carcass characteristics from young bulls or steers from different breed compositions of Charolais x Nellore were the objective of this study. Seventy beef males from three breeding systems: straightbreds (Charolais (Ch) and Nellore (Ne)), G1 crossbreds (1/2 Ch 1/2 Ne and 1/2 Ne 1/2 Ch) and G2 crossbreds (3/4 Ch 1/4 Ne and 3/4 Ne 1/4 Ch) were used. Thirty-five males were castrated (steers) at seven months and 35 were kept entire (young bulls). The animals were confined from 20 month to the slaughter time, at 24 months of age. No interaction was observed between breed composition and sexual condition, for any of the studied variables. The young bulls showed higher slaughter and carcass weight, forequarter and muscle percentage and conformation, while the steers showed higher fat thickness, fat, pistol cut and sidecut percentage. Among breeding systems, crossbreds animals showed higher values for slaughter weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, carcass length, leg length, cushion thickness and arm perimeter, and the heterosis values were 16.36, 20.10, 3.08, 3.71, 4.09, 6.04 and 4.56% in G1, and, in G2, of 10.03, 11.48, 1.09, 3.02, 2.49, 6.08 and 4.56%, respectively. Comparing the Ch and Ne breeds, the first showed higher slaughter and carcass weight, while the dressing percentage and carcass fat thickness were better in Ne animals. There was no difference among 1/2 Ch 1/2 Ne and 1/2 Ne 1/2 Ch animals for any one of the studied traits.

Efeito do Grupo Genético e da Heterose nas Características Quantitativas da Carcaça de Vacas de Descarte Terminadas em Confinamento

ABSTRACT - Quantitative carcass traits of cull cows from two breeding systems, straightbreds (Charolais - C and Nellore - N)and crossbreds F1 1 / 2 CN and 1 / 2 NC, were evaluated. The cows were feedlot finished and fed with a 10% crude protein diet with 65%roughage, sorghum silage, and 35% concentrate. Objective and subjective measurements were taken from the cold carcasses. Charol aisfemales showed higher slaughter weight (522.6 vs 462 kg) and cold carcass weight (255.8 vs 237.5 kg), conformation score (10.7 vs 7.76points) and Longissimus dorsi area (64.08 vs 55.92 cm 2 ). Whereas the Nellore were superior in dressing percentage (51.31 vs 48.93%)and subcutaneous fat thickness (8.22 vs 4.59 mm). Crossbred F1 females were superior to the straightbreds for slaughter weight (525.7vs 492.3 kg), cold carcass weight (269.8 vs 246.6 kg), dressing percentage (51.3 vs 51.12%), conformation score (9.84 vs 9.24 p oints) andsubcutaneous fat thickness (7.77 vs 6.40 mm), being the heterosis values 6.78, 9.41, 2.35, 6.49, and 21.40%, respectively. Cros sing Charolaisand Nellore resulted in cull cows with carcasses with high weight, good conformation and high degree of subcutaneous fat.Key Words:

Desempenho na fase de crescimento de machos bovinos inteiros ou castrados de diferentes grupos genéticos

ABSTRACT - The objective of the experiment was to evaluate, during the growth phase, the dry matter intake, weight gain and feed to gainconversion of young bulls and steers, castrated at eight month, from two breeding systems, straightbred (Charolais - C and Nell ore - N) and crossbred( 1 / 2 CN, 1 / 2 NC), as well as to measure the resulting heterosis. The animals were confined from nine to twelve months and fed a 15% crude p roteindiet and a 70:30 forage to concentrate ratio. There was no difference between bulls and steers for dry matter intake (DMI) in k g/animal.day (DMID),DMI per unit of metabolic weight (DMIM) and DMI per 100 kg of live weight (DMIP). The bulls showed a 13,7% higher average daily weightgain (ADG) and were more efficient in the feed to gain conversion (4.66 vs 4.99 kg of DMI/kg of gain) than the steers. The effe ct of castrationon the weight gain was more pronounced in calves sired by C bulls (1.00 vs 1.19 kg) than in calves sired by N bulls (.91 vs .97 kg). The F1 animalsshowed higher ADG than the average of the straightbreds, resulting in 9.28% heterosis. The C calves presented higher DMID and A DG than theN. However, DMIM and DMIP were similar between the two straightbred groups. The F1

Características da carcaça e da carne de novilhos de diferentes grupos genéticos alimentados em confinamento com diferentes proporções de grão de aveia e grão de sorgo no concentrado

The objective of the experiment was to study the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of carcass and meat of steers of four genetic groups, Charolais (C), Nellore (N), crossbreds with predominance of C (3/4 C 1/4 N and 5/8 C 3/8 N - CRC) and crossbreds with predominance of N (3/4 N 1/4 C and 5/8 N 3/8 C - CRN), submitted to four feed treatments during the feedlot finishing phase, which were the following levels of substitution of sorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) by oat grain (Avena strigosa) in the concentrate: 0%; 33%; 66% and 100%. The roughage used in the first 35 days of feedlot was sorghum silage (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), and in the last 32 days the corn silage (Zea mays) was used. The roughage:concentrate ratio during the whole feedlot was 60:40. No significant effect of substitution level was observed for carcass and meat characteristics. However, analysing the genetic group effect, it was observed that N animals showed lower slaughter and cold carcass weight than the other genetic groups, lower sidecut percentage and higher percentage of forequarter, not differing in the sawcut percentage. The C and CRC animals showed higher muscle percentage in the carcass and higher Longissimus dorsi muscle area in relation to N and CRN, but showed lower fat percentage in the carcass. The N showed meat with coarser texture, lower tenderness, when evaluated by Warner-Bratzler Shear, and higher thawing losses. No differences were observed among genetic groups for subcutaneous fat thickness, meat color, marbling, tenderness evaluated by the test panel, palatability, juiciness and cooking losses.

Efeito da suplementação energética sobre a carcaça de vacas de diferentes idades, terminadas em pastagem cultivada de estação fria sob pastejo horário

The objective of this experiment was to study different levels of energy supplementation on the carcass characteristics of beef cull cows under temporary grazing on cultivated pasture of Lolium multiflorum + X triticosecale. Fourty Charolais cows were divided into four age classes (AC), being: 4 (AC4), 5 and 6 (AC5-6), 7 and 8 (AC7-8) or more than 8 years (AC+8), and randomly alloted into four levels of supplementation (SL): 0, .3, .6 and .9% of live weight. The supplement used was ground sorghum grain. No significant interaction was observed between supplementation level and cow age. The increment of the supplementation level increased linearly the subcutaneous fat thickness, according to the equation Y = 2.090 + 1.717SL. Slaughter and cold carcass weight were higher for AC7-8 than for AC4 cows. Subcutaneous fat thickness was 3.69 mm for AC+8 and 3.59 mm for AC7-8, being both superior to the AC4 (2.22 mm). The AC4 were also inferior than the AC5-6 and AC7-8 in carcass length. However, the AC4 had higher sawcut (50.1%) than the AC7-8 (47.5%) and AC+8 (47.6%), but had smaller sidecut than the others age classes.

Efeitos de Raça e Heterose na Composição Física da Carcaça e na Qualidade da Carne de Novilhos da Primeira Geração de Cruzamento entre Charolês e Nelore

Carcass characteristics of 463 steers, born during 1984 to 1996, from two breeding systems: straightbreds (S) and F1 crossbreds were studied. The S breeding system included the 188 Charolais (C) and 125 Nellore (N) steers and the F1 included 72 1/2 C 1/2 N and 78 1/2 N 1/2 C steers. F1 steers were superior than the purebreds in carcass fat percentage, muscle / bone relation, muscle + fat / bone relation and marbling score, being heterosis levels of 3.33, 2.92, 3.67, and 23.64%, respectively. Comparing the two breeding systems, it was observed that the straightbred animals were superior than F1 in carcass muscle percentage, being the heterosis level of -3.08%. Within the S breeding system the Charolais showed higher carcass muscle percentage (68.4 vs. 64.4%), muscle / bone relation (3.57 vs. 3.29), muscle + fat / bone relation (4.43 vs. 4.30), texture (3.80 vs. 3.58 points), tenderness (6.81 vs. 4.89 points), flavor (5.82 vs. 5.41 points) and juiciness (6.28 vs. 5.66 points), while the Nellore steers showed higher values for carcass fat percentage (19.6 vs. 16.3%), carcass bone percentage (19.7 vs. 19.2%), Shear force (9.29 vs. 6.01 kg), thawing losses (8.54 vs. 6.79%) and cooking losses (30.72 vs. 28.12%). The crossbreeding between Charolais and Nellore resulted in positive heterosis and additive genetic complementarily for carcass and meat characteristics important to the slaughterhouses and to the consumers.

Fibra solúvel e amido como fontes de carboidratos para terminação de novilhos em confinamento

The effects of starch or neutral detergent soluble fiber associated with two dietary levels of NDF on performance of finishing feedlot beef steers were evaluated in this trial. Twenty-four crossbred ½ Angus x ½ Nellore steers averaging 18 months of age and 329 ± 24 kg of body weight at the beginning of the trial were used. All four diets were balanced to supply the crude protein requirements for a daily weight gain of approximately 1.4 kg. Diets were composed (dry matter basis) by 40% of corn silage and 60% of concentrate containing corn grain, citrus pulp, soybean hulls, salt, and urea. Animals fed the diet containing high soluble fiber and low NDF content had the lowest dry matter intake (DMI), which compromised weight gain and feed conversion. This decrease in DMI can be explained by the greater level of citrus pulp (45%) compared to the other three diets. Between diets with higher NDF levels, that with soluble fiber resulted in greater daily weight gain (1.435 vs. 1.262 kg) and better feed conversion ratio (7.494 vs. 8.651) than the diet with starch. However, no significant difference was observed between the diet with high NDF and soluble fiber compared to that with low NDF and starch for these same variables. In conclusion, animal performance can be improved by changing the source and content of dietary soluble carbohydrates.

Efeito do Grupo Genético e da Heterose na Composição Física e nas Características Qualitativas da Carcaça e da Carne de Vacas de Descarte Terminadas em Confinamento

Carcass physical composition and meat qualitative characteristics of cull cows from two breeding systems, straightbreds (Charolais and Nellore) and crossbreds F1 1/2 Charolais-Nellore and 1/2 Nellore-Charolais, were evaluated. The cows were feedlot finished during 80 days and fed with 65% roughage (sorghum silage) and 35% concentrate, in dry matter basis. Charolais cows showed carcass with higher muscle (65.2 vs 58.8%) and bone (15.36 vs 13.7%) percentages, higher muscle (166.5 vs 139.61 kg) and bone (38.84 vs 32.34 kg) production than Nellore cows. Meat from Charolais cows also exhibited better color (3.75 vs 3.14), tenderness (6.22 vs 5.34) and juiciness (6.16 vs 5.56). Nellore cows showed higher fat percentage (27.95 vs 19.85%), total fat production (66.7 vs 51.2 kg) and higher meat thawing losses (6.15 vs 4.18%). Crossbreds F1 females were superior to the straightbreds for fat percentage (26.74 vs 23.9%), total fat production (72.79 vs 58.95 kg), however, showed lower muscle percentage in the carcass (59.59 vs 62.02%), being the heterosis values 11.88, 23.48 and ¾3.92%, respectively. Meat qualitative characteristics were not affected by the breeding system.

Desempenho em confinamento de bovinos de corte, castrados ou não, alimentados com teores crescentes de farelo do mesocarpo de babaçu

The objective was to evaluate four levels of inclusion of babassu mesocarp meal (Orbygnya spp.) in the concentrate on cattle feedlot performance. Twenty four animals (12 steers and 12 bulls) were used with age and body weight of 33 months and 332.1±24kg, respectively. Diets were isonitrogenous, composed of 44% of Mombasa grass silage and 56% of concentrate in dry matter. Corn grain of the concentrate fraction was replaced by babassu mesocarp meal at 0, 20, 40 and 60% in dry matter. The experimental design was randomized complete block, with factorial arrangement of treatments 4x2 (four levels of babassu mesocarp meal inclusion and two sexual conditions). Dry matter intake in kg day1 and percentage of body weight was not altered by the inclusion level of bran babassu mesocarp, with average values of 9.37kg day-1 and 2.54% respectively. Inclusion levels of babassu mesocarp meal did not affect daily weight gain and feed conversion the animals, with average values of 1.157kg day-1 and 8.39kg of dry matter kg-1 weight gain. Bulls had higher daily weight gain (1.259kg day-1) than steers (1.066kg day-1), reflecting a better feed conversion (7.702 and 9.094kg dry matter kg-1 weight gain, respectively). Babassu mesocarp meal, such as alternative energy source, can be fed to feedlot to the 60% level of inclusion in the concentrate, replacing corn grain.