Da-Yong Lu

New Insights into Individualized Antimetastatic Therapy

More than 90% of cancer deaths are caused by cancer metastasis. Since cancer metastasis is the main cause of human deaths, antimetastatic treatment should be decisive factor for patients’ survival. Current cancer chemotherapy is mainly targeted on primary tumors and late stage patients’ survival has improved very little. It is suggested to improve the outcome of chemotherapy of cancer patients from different possible ways; e.g. to make more efforts to manufacture new types of antimetastatic drugs and optimize use of antimetastatic drugs in clinics. This review will describe how to optimized use of antimetastatic drugs in clinics.

Sequencing the whole genome of infected human cells obtained from diseased patients - a proposed strategy for understanding and overcoming AIDS or other deadest virus-infected diseases

Summary As the worry and pandemic about deadest virus such as AIDS and bird flu are intensified, eradical treatments for these virus-infected diseases are in high demand. However we currently know little about the virus involvement in human cells, which results poor therapeutic outcome. We propose that these viruses may penetrate into human genome in diseased cells that may finally result resistance to present applicable therapeutic options. Here proposes a strategy – sequence the whole genome (chromosomal as well as other genetic systems) of infected human cells obtained from diseased patients. This might help us to know greatly more about the consequences of virus infection and achieve biotherapy of specifically targeted in future.

Genetics in Neural Toxicities of Drugs

Adverse side effects or toxicities of a drug were previously regarded as a manifestation of drugs own characterizations, such as the chemical structure and property of a drug. More recently, increasing experimental or clinical data and modern ideas suggest that humans genetic factors also play indispensable roles in resulting neural side effects of a drug, especially in antidepressant-induced suicide and antibiotics-induced hearing loss. However, there are many questions and technological obstacles (including high costs and limited samples) in these kinds of researches and this makes genetic study of drug toxicities in its initial stage. In this review, we in depth address and analysis of this matter from some new perspectives and propose some new initiatives to improve this type of researches in future. It is also highly needed to expedite the translation of these pharmacogenetic concepts from bench to bedside.

Medicinal Chemistry of Probimane and MST-16: Comparison of Anticancer Effects Between Bisdioxopiperazines

Bisdioxopiperazines, including ICRF-154 and razoxane (ICRF-159, Raz), are a family of anticancer agents developed in the UK, specifically targeting neoplastic metastases. Two other bisdioxopiperazine derivatives, probimane (Pro) and MST-16, were synthesized at the Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. In order to determine the similarities and differences between these agents in medical chemistry, we evaluated the anti-tumor and anti-metastatic effects of Pro and MST-16 in vitro and in vivo against a number of human tumor cell lines and one of murine origin (Lewis lung carcinoma, LLC), and one human tumor xenograft (LAX-83) in nude mice. Our results show that Pro was cytotoxic to human tumor cell lines in vitro (IC50 < 50 microM for 48 h), approximately 3 to 20-fold more than MST-16. Pro and MST-16 manifested more prolonged cytotoxicity than some other first-line anticancer drugs including 5-fluorouacil, vincristine and doxorubicin, and maintain their cytotoxic effects for 4 days in vitro. In animal experiments, Pro and Raz were active against primary tumor growth (35-50 %) and significantly inhibited pulmonary metastasis of LLC (inhibition > 90 %) at dosage below LD(5). Both Raz and Pro were effective in administration schedules of 1, 5 and 9 days. Both Raz (25-32 %) and Pro (55-60 %) caused statistically significant inhibition of the growth of LAX 83 (a human lung adeno-carcinoma xenograft) in nude mice. In this model, Pro was more effective against LAX83 than Raz at equitoxic dosages. These findings suggest that Pro is active against more categories of tumors both in vivo and in vitro, which in some circumstances may make it superior to the currently-used anticancer bisdioxopiperazines, including razoxane and MST-16.

HIV Vaccine for Prevention and Cure, A Mission Possible.

HIV/AIDS was once a highly deadly infective disease that killed the global people of a million annually two decades ago. While we are enjoying the HIV therapeutic advances (mostly important from HAART invention), one obvious drawback is still unresolved-unable to clearance all HIV from infected human bodies. As a result, a series of different therapeutic attempts have been proposed based on present knowledge of different features of HIV-induced pathogenesis and human mortalities. Facing this shortcoming, innovative designs and update of HIV vaccines and other types of HIV therapeutic inventions can be a final solution for completely HIV clearance and infection managements in human beings. Owing to these scientific and medical significances, several experimental and clinical attempts have to be made. Among these attempts, part of them (updating HIV vaccine developments and clinical routines) are quite promising and noteworthy. In this article, we offer the general information of this attempt and discuss it separately, especially on the respects of HIV vaccine strategic innovations.

Cancer Bioinformatics for Updating Anticancer Drug Developments and Personalized Therapeutics

BACKGROUND Last two to three decades, this world witnesses a rapid progress of biomarkers and bioinformatics technologies. Cancer bioinformatics is one of such important omics branches for experimental/clinical studies and applications. METHODS Same as other biological techniques or systems, bioinformatics techniques will be widely used. But they are presently not omni-potent. Despite great popularity and improvements, cancer bioinformatics has its own limitations and shortcomings at this stage of technical advancements. RESULTS This article will offer a panorama of bioinformatics in cancer researches and clinical therapeutic applications-possible advantages and limitations relating to cancer therapeutics. A lot of beneficial capabilities and outcomes have been described. As a result, a successful new era for cancer bioinformatics is waiting for us if we can adhere on scientific studies of cancer bioinformatics in malignant- origin mining, medical verifications and clinical diagnostic applications. CONCLUSION Cancer bioinformatics gave a great significance in disease diagnosis and therapeutic predictions. Many creative ideas and future perspectives are highlighted.

Diabetes Mellitus and Male Aging: Pharmacotherapeutics and Clinical Implications

Andropause or male menopause is defined as androgen decline and onset of hypogonadism in the aging male. Testosterone deficiency in adult male is associated with diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. Type 2 diabetic male patients aged above 30 years showed low testosterone levels which is common in diabetic men and had symptoms of hypogonadism. Male sexual dysfunction among diabetic patients can include disorders of libido, ejaculatory problems, and erectile dysfunctions are common among people with diabetes, particularly in older men who had diabetes for years. Older diabetics tend to have both impaired insulin release as well as insulin resistance. There is growing evidence indicating the pathophysiological connections among the mechanisms of oxidative damage by disruption of the oxidative balance, increased levels of enzymatic glycation products in testicular region and glucose transporters, obesity and proinflammatory cytokines in male infertile patients with diabetes. Epidemiological studies suggest that many clinical findings in diabetics are linked to low testosterone levels. This article reviews pathophysiological mechanisms, observational studies, and clinical implications of testosterone therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 Diabetes Treatment and Drug Development Study

The causality and etio-pathologic risks for patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) are important areas in modern medicine. Disease complications are largely unpredictable in patients with T2DM. In the future, we welcome therapeutics of both cutting-edge and traditional for anti-diabetic treatments and management with higher efficiency and less cost. Expanding medical knowledge, behavior/life-style notification in healthcare, modern genetic/bioinformatics diagnostic promotion, clinical developments (Traditional Chinese Medicine and personalized medicine) and new drug developments including candidate drug targets should be implemented in the future. These efforts might be useful avenues for updating anti-diabetic therapeutics globally. This article aims at introducing this information for T2DM treatment boosts.

A Critical Appraisal of Different Food Safety and Quality Management Tools to Accomplish Food Safety

Abstract Food safety has become an emerging issue these days, because of the consumer concern as well as the regulatory concerns toward quality and safety of food. Physical, chemical, and biological contaminants action are the tri- factorial causes of food spoilage. To minimize or manage the food safety risk, there is a need to design and implement food safety and quality standards and quality assurance systems in food industries in order to produce safe food. Food safety requires very close concern at all stages in the food chain from farm to folk, which involves the harvesting stage to the consumption stage. Expansion of food supply chain takes place from the regional level to the international level, and therefore there must be a mutual understanding needed between government bodies, manufacturers, and customers. This chapter gives a overview picture of different food safety certification schemes and quality management systems & other popular standards to bring out quality products from a food industry in a safe manner.

Ebola Therapeutic Study and Future Directions

The constant Ebola epidemic outbreaks in Africa arisen in waves of panic worldwide. There is a high mortality rate (30-70%) among the Ebola-infected people in virus- stricken areas. Despite these horrors, the medical capabilities against this deadly viral disease were provided by limited therapeutic agents/options. As a result, several patented agents, biotherapies or prophylactic/therapeutic vaccines need to be reviving into the global markets-including patents of small molecular chemicals, short sequences or oligomers of DNA/RNA, linkages of chemicals with bio-molecules, herbal medicine and so on. In addition, the possible mechanisms of action of these therapeutic options are underway. To promote Ebola biomedical study, the multiple characters of Ebola infections-its origin, pathologic progress, genomic changes, therapeutic context and economic considerations are outlined in this review. Finally, a great difference can be expected after these types of efforts.