Ting-Ren Lu

New Insights into Individualized Antimetastatic Therapy

More than 90% of cancer deaths are caused by cancer metastasis. Since cancer metastasis is the main cause of human deaths, antimetastatic treatment should be decisive factor for patients’ survival. Current cancer chemotherapy is mainly targeted on primary tumors and late stage patients’ survival has improved very little. It is suggested to improve the outcome of chemotherapy of cancer patients from different possible ways; e.g. to make more efforts to manufacture new types of antimetastatic drugs and optimize use of antimetastatic drugs in clinics. This review will describe how to optimized use of antimetastatic drugs in clinics.

Genetics in Neural Toxicities of Drugs

Adverse side effects or toxicities of a drug were previously regarded as a manifestation of drugs own characterizations, such as the chemical structure and property of a drug. More recently, increasing experimental or clinical data and modern ideas suggest that humans genetic factors also play indispensable roles in resulting neural side effects of a drug, especially in antidepressant-induced suicide and antibiotics-induced hearing loss. However, there are many questions and technological obstacles (including high costs and limited samples) in these kinds of researches and this makes genetic study of drug toxicities in its initial stage. In this review, we in depth address and analysis of this matter from some new perspectives and propose some new initiatives to improve this type of researches in future. It is also highly needed to expedite the translation of these pharmacogenetic concepts from bench to bedside.

HIV Vaccine for Prevention and Cure, A Mission Possible.

HIV/AIDS was once a highly deadly infective disease that killed the global people of a million annually two decades ago. While we are enjoying the HIV therapeutic advances (mostly important from HAART invention), one obvious drawback is still unresolved-unable to clearance all HIV from infected human bodies. As a result, a series of different therapeutic attempts have been proposed based on present knowledge of different features of HIV-induced pathogenesis and human mortalities. Facing this shortcoming, innovative designs and update of HIV vaccines and other types of HIV therapeutic inventions can be a final solution for completely HIV clearance and infection managements in human beings. Owing to these scientific and medical significances, several experimental and clinical attempts have to be made. Among these attempts, part of them (updating HIV vaccine developments and clinical routines) are quite promising and noteworthy. In this article, we offer the general information of this attempt and discuss it separately, especially on the respects of HIV vaccine strategic innovations.

Cancer Bioinformatics for Updating Anticancer Drug Developments and Personalized Therapeutics

BACKGROUNDnLast two to three decades, this world witnesses a rapid progress of biomarkers and bioinformatics technologies. Cancer bioinformatics is one of such important omics branches for experimental/clinical studies and applications.nnnMETHODSnSame as other biological techniques or systems, bioinformatics techniques will be widely used. But they are presently not omni-potent. Despite great popularity and improvements, cancer bioinformatics has its own limitations and shortcomings at this stage of technical advancements.nnnRESULTSnThis article will offer a panorama of bioinformatics in cancer researches and clinical therapeutic applications-possible advantages and limitations relating to cancer therapeutics. A lot of beneficial capabilities and outcomes have been described. As a result, a successful new era for cancer bioinformatics is waiting for us if we can adhere on scientific studies of cancer bioinformatics in malignant- origin mining, medical verifications and clinical diagnostic applications.nnnCONCLUSIONnCancer bioinformatics gave a great significance in disease diagnosis and therapeutic predictions. Many creative ideas and future perspectives are highlighted.

HAART in HIV/AIDS Treatments, Future Trends

AIDS (acquired immune deficient syndrome) is a deadly human viral infectious disease caused by HIV (human immune-deficient virus) infection. Almost every AIDS patient losses his/her life before mid 1990s. AIDS was once the 1st disease killer in US (1993). After one decade hard work, antiviral drug cocktails-high active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) have been invented for almost all HIV infection treatments. Due to the invention of HAART, 80-90% HIV/AIDS patients still effectively response to HAART for deadly AIDS episode controls and life saving. Yet, this type of HIV therapeutics is incurable. HIV/AIDS patients need to take HAART medications regularly and even life-long. To counteract this therapeutic drawback, more revolutionary efforts (different angles of therapeutic modes/attempts) are urgently needed. In this article, the major progresses and drawbacks of HIV/AIDS chemotherapy (HAART) to HIV/AIDS patients have been discussed. Future trends (updating pathogenesis study, next generations of drug developments, new drug target discovery, different scientific disciplinary and so on) are highlighted.

Pharmacogenetics in neural toxicities of drugs

Adverse side effects of a drug often decide the fate of the drug in future applications. It is almost as important as the efficacy of a drug in a therapy. When new side effects of a drug are reported, this drug will have the perils of being withxad drawn from the market if the toxicity is serious. From a general pharmacological point of view, some drugs have adverse side effects and some do not. At first, it was believed that the chemixad cal and physiological properties of drugs affect whether a drug is safe or not. With the advent of pharmacogenetics and pharmaco genomics [1], it is suggested that human genetic make up also influences whether a drug causes adverse effects, especially with regards to neural toxicities [2,3]. In this article, some new future perspectives and initiatives are addressed and discussed.

Type 2 Diabetes Treatment and Drug Development Study

The causality and etio-pathologic risks for patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) are important areas in modern medicine. Disease complications are largely unpredictable in patients with T2DM. In the future, we welcome therapeutics of both cutting-edge and traditional for anti-diabetic treatments and management with higher efficiency and less cost. Expanding medical knowledge, behavior/life-style notification in healthcare, modern genetic/bioinformatics diagnostic promotion, clinical developments (Traditional Chinese Medicine and personalized medicine) and new drug developments including candidate drug targets should be implemented in the future. These efforts might be useful avenues for updating anti-diabetic therapeutics globally. This article aims at introducing this information for T2DM treatment boosts.

Type 2 Diabetes Study, Introduction and Perspective

CLINICAL TRIAL STUDY Type 2 Diabetes Study, Introduction and Perspective Da-Yong Lu, Jin-Yu Che, Nagendra Sastry Yarla, Hong Zhu, Ting-Ren Lu, Bin Xu and Swathi Putta Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China Divisions of Biochemistry & Chemistry, City University of New York School of Medicine, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China College of Pharmaceutical Science, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, AP, India

Ebola Therapeutic Study and Future Directions

The constant Ebola epidemic outbreaks in Africa arisen in waves of panic worldwide. There is a high mortality rate (30-70%) among the Ebola-infected people in virus- stricken areas. Despite these horrors, the medical capabilities against this deadly viral disease were provided by limited therapeutic agents/options. As a result, several patented agents, biotherapies or prophylactic/therapeutic vaccines need to be reviving into the global markets-including patents of small molecular chemicals, short sequences or oligomers of DNA/RNA, linkages of chemicals with bio-molecules, herbal medicine and so on. In addition, the possible mechanisms of action of these therapeutic options are underway. To promote Ebola biomedical study, the multiple characters of Ebola infections-its origin, pathologic progress, genomic changes, therapeutic context and economic considerations are outlined in this review. Finally, a great difference can be expected after these types of efforts.

Human Suicide Risk and Treatment Study

INTRODUCTIONnSuicide is still a major event of human mortality worldwide. Yet human suicide prediction, prevention and therapeutic systems at this moment are generally ineffective in the clinic. No diagnostic system is reliable for significantly suicidal prevention and mortality reduction. As a result, human suicide etiopathologic investigation (especially at genetic/molecular levels in the clinical settings) is quite necessary. In order to boost human suicide researches, emerging human suicide diagnostic/treatment study will be transformed from clinical symptom observations into new generations of candidate drug targets and therapeutics. To achieve this goal, associations between suicidal etiopathologic identification, genetic/bioinformatics-based diagnostics and putative drug targets must be exploited than ever before. After all, the interaction and relationships between environmental/genetic/molecular clues and overall patients risk prediction (environmental influences and different therapeutic targets/types) should be found out.nnnCONCLUSIONnIn the future, effective clinical suicide prediction, prevention and therapeutic systems can be established via scientific expeditions and causality discovery.