Dai Nakagawa

A method of classification of financial resources for transportation based on the concept of actual payers: Theoretical framework

It is highly difficult to compare the systems of financing transportation improvements, because the systems differ among countries and transportaion modes. In this paper, we present a method for international comparison of these complicated financial systems by utilising the concept of actual payers. Additionally, we investigate the financial systems in a number of developed countries, and classify the financial resources for transportation in each using the present method. As a result, the financial resources for transportation are classified into eight categories, including Payers of national general taxes, Payers of local general taxes, users bearing the charges, and so on.

Research on the causal relationship between urban density, travel behaviours, and transportation energy consumption by economic level

As motorization has progressed around the world, the scope of personal activity is widening due to private-motorized modes (PMM). And due to the increase in PMM, the degree of suburbanization has also increased, resulting in higher energy consumption for transportation as well as global warming. Many studies including that of Newman and Kenworthy have focused on the relationship between urban density and transportation energy consumption. However, the studies were in general focused on a pool of transportation data limited to one country or continent. This geological limitation restrains researchers from gaining insight into different transportation characters as well as a citys economic development status. Therefore, this research was conducted to generate a database of transportation energy consumption by PMM based on person trip data from 119 metropolitan areas in 39 countries. Considering the difference in economic levels of cities around the world, a discriminant analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between urban density and transportation characteristics. Based on the results of the analysis, we examined the correlation between urban density and transportation energy consumption by economic level. The analysis showed that the correlation between urban density and transportation energy consumption differs by the citys economic level. Additionally, the more the economic development, the clearer the correlation between urban density and travel behaviours becomes.

Estimating the Efficiency of Transportation Energy Consumption based on Railway Infrastructure and Travel behavior Characteristics

In recent years, energy consumption in the transportation sector by expanding motorization continues to increase in almost every country in the world. Moreover, the growth rate of the transportation energy consumption is significantly higher than those of the civilian and industrial sectors. Therefore, every country strives to reduce its dependence on private transport, which is the main contributor to the transportation energy consumption. In many countries, concepts such as Transit Oriented Development (TOD) or New Urbanism, which controls road traffic by increasing the proportion of the public transportation significantly, have been implemented to encourage a modal shift to public transport. However, the level of change required for eliminating environmental problems is a challenging task. Minimizing transportation energy consumption by controlling the increase of the traffic demand and maintaining the level of urban mobility simultaneously is a pressing dilemma for each city. Grasping the impact of the diversity of the urban transport and infrastructure is very important to improve transportation energy efficiency. However, the potential for reducing urban transportation energy consumption has often been ineffectively demonstrated by the diversity of cities. Therefore, the accuracy of evaluating the current efficiency rate of the urban energy consumption is necessary. Nevertheless, quantitative analyses related to the efficiency of transportation energy consumption are scarce, and the research on the current condition of consumption efficiency based on international quantitative analysis is almost nonexistent. On the basis of this background problem definitions, this research first built a database of the transportation energy consumption of private modes in 119 cities, with an attempt to reflect individual travel behaviors calculated by Person Trip data. Subsequently, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used as an assessment method to evaluate the efficiency of transportation energy consumption by considering the diversity of the urban traffic features in the world cities. Finally, we clarified the current condition of consumption efficiency by attempting to propose a target values for improving transportation energy consumption.

Structural relationship about pedestrian vibrancy and street environment in central areas of Kyoto, Seoul, Beijing and Florence

In several city centers around the world, there has been a trend to restrain the entry of automobiles and improve pedestrian movement. It is to create central areas that are vibrant with people. However, it is not clear which factors affect vibrancy and how they are related in the city center. We surveyed pedestrians as well as relevant factors on each street in central areas of Kyoto, Seoul, Beijing, and Florence to elucidate the relationship between vibrancy and street environment. Then, structural equation modeling was performed with the survey data to determine the structural relationship between pedestrian vibrancy and street environment. In central areas of these four cities, it is clear that pedestrian comfort has a direct and indirect positive effect on vibrancy, although the existence of parking areas has a negative effect on vibrancy.

Stepwise Evaluation Method Based on Multi-Criteria Analysis

Abstract Recently, the scale of projects is increasing and it has become ncceesary to cope with multiple objectives and their various impacts. Consequently, it is sometimes difficult to clarify the preference relation among projects. In this paper we propose a stepwise evaluation method, which examines the preference relation among projects step by step. This method involves the MODICA model, which is an evaluation model we developed to evaluate projects without many hypotheses and complex analyses. This stepwi-se evaluation method is useful particularly when the number of projects is large. An example of calculation explains the stepwise evaluation process of this method.

Promoting a Policy to Improve the Urban Transportation Environment by a Regional Administrative Organization

We describe the background and results of measures to improve the urban transportation environment by the Hyogo Prefectural Government in the Hanshin-Area, which is part of the Hyogo Prefecture in Japan. Herein we demonstrate the importance of regional administrative organizations to promote improved urban transportation policies and clarify the useful knowledge for other areas considering these types of policies.

THE ROLES OF CITIZEN'S ACTIVITIES AND INTENTIONS IN THE RIDERSHIP OF A NEW BUS SYSTEM THE EXPERIENCE OF KYOTO DOWNTOWN LOOP BUS SYSTEM

本研究では, 試行運行開始直後には利用者数が低迷していたにもかかわらず社会実験を経た後に需要が格段に増加した京都市都心部の100円循環バスの事例に着目し, 実験の前後において基本的にはサービス水準は変化していないこと, 実験の過程において市民の応援活動が自然発生的に広がったこと, それに伴って一般市民やマスコミなどの見方も変化してきたことなどの事実をもとに, 市民の行動や意識変化が需要増加の大きな要因となっていると考えられることを示す. とりわけ, その過程においては, 公共交通に対する意識が変化して需要や採算を自分自身の問題として捉えるという見方が示されるなどの現象がみられ, 市民の自主的・内面的な行動変容を示す事例として重要なものであることを示す.

A Study on the Order of Expansion Projects for the Urban Highway Network

In case of expansion projects for the road network, we have to consider the influence on evaluation of the following project by the previous project implementation. But, this influence has not been considered onthe present cost-benefit analysis. So, in this study, targeting on the Hanshin Expressway, we searched three orders of expansion projects by the criterion of maximizing TENPV on the long-term, by the criterion of cost-benefit ratio, and bythe criterion of congestion rate. We, then, made characteristics clear their orders of expansion projects considering traffic congestion.

A Study on the Traveling Time Shortened by Common Tariff System

Introduction of a common tariff system not only makes new demand by fare reduction in transfer but also shortens the traveling time forpresent passengers by providing various options of routes. This paper describes the construction of a dynamic transport network model which displays the condition of mass transit service and route choice behavior of passengers, for calculating the amount of shortening in the traveling time. The result of analysis in the urban network of Kyoto makes sure of shortening the traveling time by introduction of common tariff system, and displays its cause.

A study on the transition of the viewpoints of the railway development since Meiji Period

In the influences of the railway improvement, the long-range influence to give the area is extremely important. However, there is to do back to few thinking of the background of the improvement in the past. Also, in the times, the purpose and the intention are changing. Therefore, in this study, it orders the contents and the transition of the purposes to the railway improvement and the oppositions against them from Meiji period. Then, it makes clear about how the role of the railway improvement was taken.