Damian Hodgson

New Possibilities for Project Management Theory: A Critical Engagement

This paper provides avenues for a broader engagement with the conceptual considerations of projects and project management with the aim of creating new possibilities for thinking about, researching, and developing our understanding of the field as practiced. Attention is drawn to the legacy of conventional but deeply rooted mainstream approaches to studying projects and project management, and implications of the specific underpinning intellectual tradition for recommendations proposed to organisational members as best practice project management. The identified concerns and limitations are discussed in the context of project management evolution where taken-for-granted advantages of project management as a disciplined effective methodology and its popularity are reexamined. The paper sheds light on a variety of voices from both scholarly and practitioner communities that have attempted to respond to this paradox and move the field forward. Taking issue with conventional labels of project success or failure, and drawing attention to alternative theoretical and methodological propositions, the argument turns toward critical management studies, outlining the implications of this intellectual tradition for studies of projects, project management, project performance, and individual skills and competencies to cope with social arrangements labelled “projects.”

Towards Corporate Professionalization: The Case of Project Management, Management Consultancy and Executive Search

This article explores patterns of professionalization in a number of ‘new’ knowledge-based occupations: management consultancy, project management and executive headhunters. Against a general assumption in the literature that such occupations are unwilling and/ or incapable to professionalize, this article suggests how a professionalization project has indeed been in play within these occupational domains. Perhaps most interestingly, these occupations are developing a new pattern of ‘corporate’ professionalization which departs in significant ways from established paths and which is more appropriate for the specific knowledge-bases, occupational characteristics and historical circumstances of these occupations. Using semi-structured interviews with key institutional protagonists, the analysis identifies some new features of corporate professionalization, which despite differences in occupational structure and history, are common to the three professions under review and which may be relevant to a broader range of knowledge-based occupations. These include: organizational membership, client engagement, competence-based closure and internationalization. The article then proceeds to compare and contrast these new professionalization strategies and tactics with the more traditional processes followed by the established professions. Corporate professionalization, it is then argued, may present the basis for a new pattern of collective mobility and for a new understanding of professionalism in the 21st century. Cet article explore les modèles de professionnalisation dans un certain nombre de ‘nouvelles’ professions basées sur le savoir: conseil en management, gestion de projet et chasseur de têtes. Contrairement à l’idée généralement répandue dans la documentation qui veut que ces métiers soient réticents et/ou incapables de se professionnaliser, cet article suggère comment un projet de professionnalisation est en fait en place pour ces métiers. Le point probablement le plus intéressant est que ces métiers ont développé un nouveau modèle de professionnalisation ‘d’entreprise’ qui se distingue de plusieurs façons des méthodes établies et qui est plus approprié aux connaissances spécifiques, aux caractéristiques et aux circonstances historiques de ces métiers. Via des entretiens en partie structurés avec des acteurs institutionnels clés, notre analyse identifie de nouveaux aspects de la professionnalisation d’entreprise qui, en dépit de différences au niveau de la structure et de l’histoire des métiers, sont communs aux trois professions examinées et qui peuvent s’appliquer à une fourchette plus grande de métiers basés sur le savoir. Il s’agit de l’appartenance à une organisation, de la gestion de relations clients, de la clôture en fonction des compétences et de l’internationalisation. Nous comparons ensuite ces nouvelles stratégies et tactiques de professionnalisation aux processus plus traditionnels suivis par les professions établies. Il est ensuite soutenu que la professionnalisation d’entreprise peut présenter la base d’un nouveau modèle de mobilité collective et d’une nouvelle compréhension du professionnalisme au 21ème siècle. Este artículo explora los patrones de profesionalización en varias ocupaciones nuevas que se basan en el conocimiento: consultoría de gestión, gestión de proyecto y agentes de empleo para puestos ejecutivos. Contra una suposición general de que tales ocupaciones no están dispuestas a profesionalizarse y/o no lo pueden hacer, este artículo indica cómo ciertamente se ha llevado a cabo un proyecto de profesionalización dentro de estos dominios ocupacionales. Quizás lo más interesante es que estas ocupaciones están desarrollando un nuevo patrón de profesionalización ‘corporativa’ que se distancia de manera significativa del trayecto establecido y que es más apropiado para las características ocupacionales, circunstancias históricas y bases de conocimiento específicas de estas ocupaciones. Mediante entrevistas semi estructuradas con los protagonistas institucionales clave, nuestro análisis identifica algunas nuevas características de la profesionalización corporativa que, a pesar de sus diferencias en historia y estructura ocupacional, tienen algo en común con las tres profesiones sujetas a revisión y que podrían ser aplicables a una gama más amplia de ocupaciones basadas en el conocimiento. Estas características incluyen: membresía organizacional, compromiso con el cliente, cierre en base a la competencia e internacionalización. Luego procedemos a correlacionar y comparar estas nuevas tácticas y estrategias de profesionalización con los procesos más tradicionales adoptados por las profesiones establecidas. Se puede entonces argumentar que la profesionalización corporativa puede presentar la base para un nuevo patrón de movilidad colectiva y para un nuevo entendimiento del profesionalismo en el siglo 21.

“Know your customer”: marketing, governmentality and the “new consumer” of financial services

This paper aims to illustrate the important role marketing technologies play in contemporary neo‐liberal policies which aim to effect social control over a populace through the shaping of the desire and freedom of individuals. This argument will be developed through an analysis of the expanded role of marketing technologies in the UK financial services industry in the light of studies of governmentality. Drawing on Foucauldian work, it will be argued that to understand governmentality, power relations must be reconceptualised beyond notions of institutional power and repressive mechanisms of control towards an understanding of their productive and seductive operation. From this perspective, deregulation should be seen not as a liberation of market forces or an empowerment of the “new consumer”, but rather as “government at a distance”. The danger of such neo‐liberalist solutions lies in their rhetoric of liberalisation and empowerment which does much to obscure the governmental operation of power in modern societies.

Controlling the uncontrollable: 'Agile' teams and illusions of autonomy in creative work

The creative industries have recently been hailed as presenting a liberating model for the future of work and a valuable terrain on which to examine purported new regimes of workplace control. This article, based on the empirical examination of a Canadian video game development studio, traces the modes of control which operate on and through project teams in creative settings. The impact of the adoption of an ‘emancipatory’, post-bureaucratic project management technology, ‘Agile’, is critically examined through interviews and non-participative observation of management, technical and artistic labour within one project team. The potential for autonomy in such ‘Agile’ teams is critically assessed within the managerial regime of creative production and the broader power relations implied by the financial, organizational and institutional context.

Who am I and what am I doing here? : Becoming and being a project manager

Purpose – This paper aims to empirically explore the nature of tensions that emerge within the process of becoming a manager in the post‐bureaucratic organisation, by focusing on the emergence of project management as a key carrier of post‐bureaucracy. The paper seeks to address two aspects of individual transformation into project manager; first, it aims to understand the specific factors, which drive the transformation of technical specialists into project managers and, second, to illuminate the tensions and challenges experienced in this new position.Design/methodology/approach – The empirical base for the study is a series of structured group discussions with project managers from a range of distinct industrial sectors and organisations.Findings – The paper illustrates the tensions implicit in the process of becoming a project manager. It identifies a number of conflicts that arise between the overarching philosophy of project management and the process of enacting the role of project manager around t...

The New Professionals: professionalisation and the struggle for occupational control in the field of project management

It is now forty years since Wilensky (1964) raised the prospect of ‘The Professionalization of Everyone’ in the American Journal of Sociology. In this time, the professions have been variously seen as an economic and moral cornerstone of contemporary societies (Parsons, 1954; Durkheim, 1957), as bastions of elitism and monopoly power (Freidson, 1970; Johnson, 1972) and, more recently, a self-disciplinary form of governance exerted over expert labour (Fournier, 1999; Anderson- Gough et al., 2000). The rapid expansion of numerous forms of expert labour aspiring to professional status seems in many senses to confirm Wilensky’s prediction, even if this is at times at the expense of the ‘established’ professions. Almost 400 UK-based ‘professional associations’ were identified in a recent report (Perren, 2000), ranging from physiologists to horticulturalists to careers guidance counsellors, such that around 7 million, or 27%, of the UK working population are now identified as professionals or associate professionals (ONS, 2004) – up from around 5 million and 20% in 1998. Many of these ‘professionals’ work outside of the traditional liberal professions, either occupying a ‘para-professional’ role in the same sector, or forming part of the growing mass of organisational and entrepreneurial professionals (Larson, 1977; Reed, 1996).

Associations between Extending Access to Primary Care and Emergency Department Visits: A Difference-In-Differences Analysis

Background Health services across the world increasingly face pressures on the use of expensive hospital services. Better organisation and delivery of primary care has the potential to manage demand and reduce costs for hospital services, but routine primary care services are not open during evenings and weekends. Extended access (evening and weekend opening) is hypothesized to reduce pressure on hospital services from emergency department visits. However, the existing evidence-base is weak, largely focused on emergency out-of-hours services, and analysed using a before-and after-methodology without effective comparators. Methods and Findings Throughout 2014, 56 primary care practices (346,024 patients) in Greater Manchester, England, offered 7-day extended access, compared with 469 primary care practices (2,596,330 patients) providing routine access. Extended access included evening and weekend opening and served both urgent and routine appointments. To assess the effects of extended primary care access on hospital services, we apply a difference-in-differences analysis using hospital administrative data from 2011 to 2014. Propensity score matching techniques were used to match practices without extended access to practices with extended access. Differences in the change in “minor” patient-initiated emergency department visits per 1,000 population were compared between practices with and without extended access. Populations registered to primary care practices with extended access demonstrated a 26.4% relative reduction (compared to practices without extended access) in patient-initiated emergency department visits for “minor” problems (95% CI -38.6% to -14.2%, absolute difference: -10,933 per year, 95% CI -15,995 to -5,866), and a 26.6% (95% CI -39.2% to -14.1%) relative reduction in costs of patient-initiated visits to emergency departments for minor problems (absolute difference: -£767,976, -£1,130,767 to -£405,184). There was an insignificant relative reduction of 3.1% in total emergency department visits (95% CI -6.4% to 0.2%). Our results were robust to several sensitivity checks. A lack of detailed cost reporting of the running costs of extended access and an inability to capture health outcomes and other health service impacts constrain the study from assessing the full cost-effectiveness of extended access to primary care. Conclusions The study found that extending access was associated with a reduction in emergency department visits in the first 12 months. The results of the research have already informed the decision by National Health Service England to extend primary care access across Greater Manchester from 2016. However, further evidence is needed to understand whether extending primary care access is cost-effective and sustainable.

Something Old, Something New?: Competing logics and the hybrid nature of new corporate professions

The professionalization of certain management occupations, such as project management and human resource management, has been neglected in recent debates on professions, which instead focus upon the deregulation of collegial professions or the failure or unwillingness of new expert occupations to professionalize. Project management represents one of a handful of ‘management professions’ which confound this interpretation, explicitly pursuing a ‘corporate professionalization’ project with some degree of success. This paper focuses on the strategic activities of the principal British professional association in this field, the Association for Project Management (APM), as it negotiates a path between exploiting established sources of legitimacy and exploring a novel conception of professionalism. In the process, the association manipulates collegial and corporate logics of professionalism, in terms of its relationships with key stakeholders, its global orientation, its knowledge base and strategies of occupational closure. Drawing on interviews with APM officials and broader documentary analysis, we analyse the conditions which have produced this hybrid model of professionalism, highlighting the pragmatic management of tensions through the combination of distinct, even contradictory, professionalization logics.

Making Projects Critical 15 years on: A Retrospective Reflection (2001-2016)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the formation and evolution of the “Making Projects Critical” movement in project management research. Design/methodology/approach Retrospective and discursive paper. Findings Reflections on tensions and challenges faced by the MPC movement. Originality/value The paper establishes the historical trajectory of this movement and clarifies the tensions and challenges faced by MPC.

Leadership talk: From managerialism to leaderism in health care after the crash

The economic downturn that began in 2008 led to massive cuts in spending targeted at managerial activities in the UK National Health Service (NHS). Although the appellation “manager” once conferred status in the NHS, managers have borne the brunt of reform and the term itself is in danger of falling into disrepute. Drawing upon perspectives on leadership that emphasize its constitutive nature, we examine the growing alternative emergent culture of “leaderism” in the NHS and how this relates to managerial practices and identity. Empirical case study research from three hospital trusts in the UK is presented. The findings highlight not only the many tensions associated with this purported shift toward “leaderism” in practice but also how interpretative flexibility associated with the concept of leadership has itself an important bearing upon understanding attempts to bridge long-standing managerial divides within health care.