Daniel Damiani

Síndrome metabólica em crianças e adolescentes: dúvidas na terminologia, mas não nos riscos cardiometabólicos

Metabolic syndrome (MS) has been a condition involved in considerable controversy, starting with the terminology. Gerald Reaven himself, the author who proposed the term MS, advised against the use of this terminology because the definition implies in at least three metabolic alterations, and it is never clear to which group of alterations we are referring to when we say that a patient has MS. In children, the problem is even more complicated, since there are many different adaptations to the criteria used in adults. On the other hand, independent of the terminology, cardiovascular risks are well-established and it is very clear that even children may present metabolic disturbances which predict future metabolic problems. The role of the pediatric endocrinologist or the general pediatrician is to investigate, especially in overweight/obese children, conditions that if treated early, may prevent future complications that today, unfortunately, are being diagnosed only in adult life. In this review, we discuss problems on the definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and complications of MS in children and adolescents.

Pharmacological management of children with short stature: the role of aromatase inhibitors.

OBJECTIVE To review the use of aromatase inhibitors, a novel treatment strategy for patients with short stature, which aims at delaying bone age advancement. Skeletal maturation is estrogen-dependent even in male children. SOURCES We performed a MEDLINE search of studies published in the last 10 years, including aromatase, short stature, and early puberty as keywords. The most informative articles on indications, dosages, treatment schedules, and side effects of aromatase inhibitors were included in the review. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS It has become increasingly clear that bone age advancement depends on the production of estrogen and its effect on the growth plate. In boys, testosterone is converted to estradiol by the cytochrome P450 enzyme aromatase. The use of aromatase inhibitors has been shown to be effective in prolonging the length of the growth phase in children with idiopathic short stature, constitutional growth delay, delayed puberty, as well as in children with growth hormone deficiency, in which bone age advancement jeopardizes the results of hormonal replacement therapy with growth hormones. As yet, significant adverse effects have not been reported, and results are encouraging in terms of effective increase in height, whenever the indication for the drug is appropriate. CONCLUSIONS Among the pharmacological treatments for short stature, aromatase inhibitors are indicated in cases in which bone age advancement may constitute an obstacle for reaching a final height that is in keeping with the familys target height.

Sexo cerebral: um caminho que começa a ser percorrido

It has become clear that a sexual brain dimorphism exists between males and females and animal studies have shown specific circuits developing depending on the sex. Since the first studies by Gorski, in rats, characterizing a sexually dimorphic nucleus in the pre optic area (SDN-POA) it has been accepted that the male sex imprint is done by estradiol, locally converted from testosterone through the action of a local aromatase. The presence of estradiol inhibits the apoptosis of the cells of SDN, making it bigger in the male sex. Other CNS regions have shown sexual dimorphism and we need a marker to allow us to identify these structures and, eventually, apply this information to clinical practice. In intersex patients, it may be of value to know which the brain sex of the patient is, since we have had many doubts in choosing the sex of rearing in many of these patients. It has not been uncommon that sexual inadequacies have occurred in some patients, causing a lot of discomfort and suffering for the patient himself as well as to his family. The progression of the knowledge in the field of brain sex may bring us another tool to deal with difficult cases of sex assignment in intersex patients.

Complicações hiperglicêmicas agudas no diabetes melito tipo 1 do jovem

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is the main hyperglycemic complication in type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM1). The basic principles in treatment have to be followed carefully. The patient with DKA has a very deep volume depletion. To restore the circulatory capacity is the first step. From this point on, the restoration of the lost fluids is slow, around 1% per hour, aiming at the correction of the metabolic disturbance already on and avoiding great fluctuations in osmolality, which increases the risk of having complications. Attention to the development of cerebral edema, which, once suspected, deserves an urgent treatment plan, trying to avoid neurologic sequelae or even death. Subcutaneous ultra-rapid insulin has been demonstrated to be efficient and easier to use. As the perfusion gets improved and the levels of insulin increase, the lipolysis is blocked, as well as the generation of ketones and so the acidemia tends to be solved. DKA is still a high-mortality condition. And to be in a hurry frequently leads to neurologic sequelae and even to a fatal outcome.

Manejo farmacológico da baixa estatura: o papel dos inibidores da aromatase

OBJECTIVE:To review the use of aromatase inhibitors, a novel treatment strategy for patients with short stature, which aims at delaying bone age advancement. Skeletal maturation is estrogen-dependent even in male children. SOURCES: We performed a MEDLINE search of studies published in the last 10 years, including aromatase, short stature, and early puberty as keywords. The most informative articles on indications, dosages, treatment schedules, and side effects of aromatase inhibitors were included in the review. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: It has become increasingly clear that bone age advancement depends on the production of estrogen and its effect on the growth plate. In boys, testosterone is converted to estradiol by the cytochrome P450 enzyme aromatase. The use of aromatase inhibitors has been shown to be effective in prolonging the length of the growth phase in children with idiopathic short stature, constitutional growth delay, delayed puberty, as well as in children with growth hormone deficiency, in which bone age advancement jeopardizes the results of hormonal replacement therapy with growth hormones. As yet, significant adverse effects have not been reported, and results are encouraging in terms of effective increase in height, whenever the indication for the drug is appropriate. CONCLUSIONS: Among the pharmacological treatments for short stature, aromatase inhibitors are indicated in cases in which bone age advancement may constitute an obstacle for reaching a final height that is in keeping with the familys target height.