Daniel Joyce

Human Rights and the Mediatization of International Law

This article considers the relationship of international law and the media through the prism of human rights. In the first section the international regulation of the media is examined and visions of good, bad, and new media emerge. In the second section, the enquiry is reversed and the article explores the ways in which the media is shaping international legal forms and processes in the field of human rights. This is termed the ‘mediatization of international law’. Yet despite hopes for new media and the Internet to transform international law, the theoretical work of Jodi Dean warns of the danger to democracy of commodification through the spread of ‘communicative capitalism’.

Photography and the Image-making of International Justice

The significance of photograph and image-making for international law by exploring three areas is discussed. The role of communication in the generation of international agendas and understanding of human rights, and also the need for a more complex and nuanced understanding of the impact of media and processes of mediatisation on the structure and operation of international law is highlighted.

Non-governmental Organisations and International Norm Transmission on the Fault Lines of the International Order

The articles in this section explore the operation of non-governmental organisations at the ‘fault lines’ of the international order. This concept requires some explanation, and this essay provides an introductory articulation of the context in which these articles are positioned. The articles, and the topics of their concern, are located at the intersection of two different types of fault lines – geographical fault lines and conceptual fault lines.

S129. DOES TREATMENT RESISTANT SCHIZOPHRENIA PRESENT A CHARACTERISTIC SYMPTOMATIC SIGNATURE

Abstract Background Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) may underlie a specific biological signature among patients with schizophrenia. The main lines of evidence suggest a glutamatergic rather than dopaminergic dysfunction in TRS, with lower levels of striatal dopamine and higher levels of glutamate in anterior cingulate. Whether this biological signature relates to a distinct symptomatic profile remains unclear. Our objective is to define a symptom profile of patients with TRS. Methods We used two samples of patients with schizophrenia. First, we followed a discovery sample of inpatients (n=203) to prospectively identify TRS predictors, then we tested the predictors in a replication sample of outpatients (n=207). The samples were collected independently. All patients were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity Scale (CGI-S) and the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF). Diagnosis was confirmed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). TRS was defined according the criteria of the Schizophrenia Algorithm of the International Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project (IPAP). Initially, we tested if patients with disorganized subtype were more likely to be TRS, and grouped the patients into disorganized or non-disorganized schizophrenia according to SCID-I. Then, we checked which PANSS items at the baseline predicted TRS at the follow-up through multiple logistic regression analyses. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve with the best items was performed at the follow-up. Results TRS was more common in disorganized schizophrenia in the inpatient sample (73.8% vs 22.4%, P < 0.001) and in the outpatient sample (68.2% vs 28.2%, P < 0.001) in comparison to non-disorganized schizophrenia. They also presented worse scores on PANSS, CGI-S and GAF (P < 0.001). In the second step, three PANSS items, P2 (conceptual disorganization), N5 (difficulty in abstract thinking) and G9 (unusual thought content), predicted TRS with 78.4% accuracy (P = 0.011, P = 0.010 and P <0.001). The ROC analysis using the sum of PE+N5G+G9 predicted TRS with a sensitivity of 72.3%, and a specificity of 82.4%. In the outpatient sample, logistic regression analysis of the model P2+N5+G9 discriminated TRS with 69.3% accuracy (P <0.001). Discussion Non-paranoid clinical presentations, specially disorganized characteristics, may consist in clinical markers of TRS. Further Cross-validation of such clinical findings and biological features may improve prediction of TRS

T125. INCIDENCE OF TREATMENT RESISTANCE SCHIZOPHRENIA IN A COMMUNITY SAMPLE USING THE TRRIP CONCENSUS

Abstract Background Estimates of treatment resistant schizophrenia (TRS) vary due to lack of consensus definition. The Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) consensus provides a rigorous prospective definition for TRS, but has not yet been applied to data. We provide the first prospective estimate of the incidence of TRS in a large community cohort using TRRIP. Methods The publicly available CATIE (Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness) data were mined using bespoke implementations of algorithms that operationalise the minimum TRRIP concensus criteria. Survival curves for transition to treatment resistance status (versus treatment responsive and censoring) were estimated. Inferential methods were used to establish baseline patient characteristics that are associated with TRS. Machine learning methods were also applied to estimate patient-level prediction of TRS status from baseline data. Results 1369 patients were included in the analysis, with 992 patients at risk for developing TRS at baseline. A total of 48 cases of TRS were identified, yielding a crude incidence of 36.2 cases per 1000 person years. There were no strong associations with baseline demographics or clinical state at enrolment to the trial and the predictive modelling failed to identify any patient-level predictor of future TRS. Discussion The CATIE trial protocol excluded patients with retrospective evidence of TRS, however, prospectively applying the TRRIP consensus revealed that there were patients with TRS in the cohort. Our results suggest a small incidence, and that baseline clinical and demographic data is not a robust predictor of future resistance status. Analysis of individual TRRIP criteria reveals a significant unmet need for patients with poor treatment response, but who do not meet criteria for TRS, particularly in social and occupational functioning.

F77. OXYTOCIN ENHANCES VISUAL ATTENTION TO FACIAL STIMULI IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA: EVIDENCE FROM AN EYE-TRACKING STUDY

Abstract Background Deficits in social cognition often develop during the prodromal stages of psychosis, remain stable over the course of the illness, and have a dramatic impact on daily functioning (Fett et al., 2011). Social cue processing, particularly face perception, plays a critical role in social cognitive functioning. Patients with schizophrenia struggle to extract information from faces and interpret facial expressions (Kohler et al., 2010). These deficits may be explained by restricted visual attention. Indeed, eye-tracking studies have demonstrated that people with schizophrenia show reduced exploratory behaviour (i.e. reduced number of fixations and longer fixation durations) in response to facial stimuli compared to healthy controls (e.g. Manor et al., 1999). Oxytocin has been demonstrated to exert pro-social effects on behaviour and modulate eye gaze during perception of faces. In the present study, we tested whether the neuropeptide, oxytocin, has a compensatory effect on visual processing of human faces. Methods Twenty right-handed male subjects with schizophrenia (n = 16) or schizoaffective disorder (n = 4) were administered intranasal oxytocin 40UI or placebo in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over fashion during two visits separated by 7 days. Participants engaged in a free-viewing eye-tracking task, during which they were looking at 6 facial images of two Caucasian men displaying angry, happy, and neutral facial expressions, and 6 control images in a random order. Eye-tracking measures including 1) total number of fixations, 2) dispersion, 3) saccade amplitude, and 4) mean duration of fixations were captured using the EyeLink 1000 system (SR Research Ltd, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada). Four separate 2 x 4 repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were carried out to evaluate the within-subject effects of treatment, stimuli, and the interactions between stimuli and treatment (p < .05, two-tailed). Results We found a main effect of treatment (F1,17 = 16.139, p = .001), but not a main effect of stimuli (F3,51 = 1.479, p > .231) on total number of fixations. There was a main effect of treatment on duration of fixation, (F1,13 = 5.455, p = .036) but not a main effect of stimuli (F3,39 = 1.267, p = .299). For dispersion, there was a significant main effect of stimuli (F3,51 = 3.424, p = .024) but no main effect of treatment (F1,17 = 3.170, p = .093). Analysis of saccade amplitudes revealed no main effect of treatment (F1,17 = 2.666, p = .121) or stimuli (F3,51 = 0.289, p = .833). None of the interactions reached significance. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the effects of oxytocin on eye movements in individuals with schizophrenia. We found that oxytocin increased exploratory viewing behaviour in response to affective facial stimuli by significantly increasing the total number and duration of fixations compared to placebo. While previous findings regarding oxytocin have been inconsistent, our findings are in line with research showing that the intranasal administration of 40UI oxytocin may improve social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia (e.g. Davis et al., 2013). Future experiments may wish to explore the correlation between eye movement changes induced by oxytocin and facial affect recognition in larger samples.

Data associations in global law and policy

Social phenomena—or the condition of society—may be ‘‘seized indirectly when there is a slight change in one older association mutating into a slightly newer or different one’’ (Latour, 2005: 36). The aim of this special issue is to trace mutations underway in those associations rendered or experienced in data and to probe some patterns that these changing ties draw. In particular, contributors to this issue reflect upon associations traceable in data that are of a juridical nature (or could be so understood), or that have salience for legal institutions and norms. This is something other than inviting consideration of ‘‘problems’’ that technology makes for law. It is something other, too, than thinking about whether law does or does not determine or reflect socio-technical practice, or vice versa, and how such law-technology correspondence might ‘‘properly’’ be maintained. Instead, contributors engage here in a collective experiment of envisioning data as vectors of lawful relations on the global plane, and at other scales. This is unfinished business for Big Data & Society. In this journal’s opening issue, Rob Kitchin argued that ‘‘the development of digital humanities and computational social sciences. . . propose radically different ways to make sense of culture, history, economy and society’’ (Kitchin, 2014: 1). But what ‘‘sense’’ could ‘‘Big Data empiricism,’’ as Kitchin described it, make in, of and for global law and policy? This is among the questions that the contributors to this special issue take up. Neither digital technology nor law is pivotal to this inquiry, so much as their irrepressible leaking and morphing into would-be or could-be versions of the other. As paradigmatic a shift as the turn to epistemologies of Big Data might seem, making connections between these emergent epistemologies and ‘‘older association[s],’’ in Latour’s words, is also an important task of this collection. Sheila Jasanoff traces, for instance, the history of the production of ‘‘a panoptic viewpoint from which the entire diversity of human experience can be seen, catalogued, aggregated, and mined’’ from the mid-20th-century, especially in the emergence of the ‘‘global environment’’ as an ‘‘actionable object for law and policy.’’ Naveen Thayyil likewise draws an analogy between change in weather and climatological studies from the 1960s onwards (from instrument reading techniques to computer modeling) and parallel shifts in approaches to risk regulation (from conventional risk assessment to precautionary approaches, the latter increasingly advanced through ‘‘Big Data’’ automation). Ben Hurlbut similarly connects ‘‘scientifically authorized imaginations of future risk’’ on the global plane to earlier incarnations of the ‘‘republic of science’’ assembled around pandemic risk since the 19th-century. Other contributions to this volume re-frame contemporary phenomena by reference to associations of more recent provenance: Sarah Logan analyses ‘‘post 9-11 mass surveillance’’ and the ‘‘anxious information state’’ it enshrines. Likewise, Gavin Smith, Kath Albury, Jean Burgess, Ben Light, Kane Race, Rowan Wilken, and Daniel Joyce focus on ‘‘data cultures’’ ascendant during the past decade and the legal, social, and political conflicts and connections that surface amid them. The protagonists and environs of the stories told in these pages vary greatly. Not all are of a kind that one

Data associations and the protection of reputation online in Australia

This article focuses upon defamation law in Australia and its struggles to adjust to the digital landscape, to illustrate the broader challenges involved in the governance and regulation of data associations. In many instances, online publication will be treated by the courts in a similar fashion to traditional forms of publication. What is more contentious is the question of who, if anyone, should bear the responsibility for digital forms of defamatory publication which result not from an individual author’s activity online but rather from algorithmic associations. This article seeks, in part, to analyse this question, by reference to the Australian case law and associated scholarship regarding search engine liability. Reflecting on the tensions involved here offers us a fresh perspective on defamation law through the conceptual lens of data associations. Here the focus of the article shifts to explore some wider questions posed for defamation law by big data. Defamation law may come to play a significant role in emerging frameworks for algorithmic accountability, but these developments also call into question many of its traditional concepts and assumptions. It may be time to think differently about defamation and to consider its interrelationship with privacy, speech and data protection more fully. As a result, I conclude that the courts and policymakers need to engage more deeply and explicitly with the rationale(s) for the protection of reputation and that more thought needs to be given to changing conceptions of reputation in the context of data associations.

Fear and International Law

The international system as we know it was built in a mood of hope and fear. Fear of the return of war, hope for peace. Now international law is again in a process of rapid transformation, at once invoked as it never has been before, and yet also straining under the pressures of a post-Cold War era when economic forces, globalisation and security all vie for our attention and pull states in different directions. After 9/11, the world seemed joined in sympathy for the United States, ready to take collective action to deal with the threats of terrorism and nuclear proliferation. Only a few years later the situation we are faced with seems ever more frightening, and the division between North and South widening. As its emotional intensity rises, it seems ever more difficult to speak of international law in rational, measured tones. Increasing attention to the role emotions play on the development of international law, as doctrine and process, is long overdue. We continue to hope, but we live with the reality of our fears materialised. There is fear of international law (of its colonial impulse, of its new threat to sovereignty) and fear of the failure of international law (to deter great powers or outlaw states). Fear is a reaction to international law, and international law is a reaction to fear. There is fear of the Other—the outlaw state ironically feared because of its irrationality. At the same time, there is fear of the Self, as much of the international system of human rights protection is built with an awareness of the evil that we can unleash, in an effort to constrain the worst of human excesses. This section considers the impact of fear on the system of international law, on states, sovereignty and the mechanisms of peace and security, from the transnational to the local. It points to a growing awareness of the ways in which fear operates directly as a constitutive element of international law and the international ordering and decision-making processes. The contributions aim to go beyond a discussion of fear in the context of the terrorist threat, and to consider the impact of terror in wider systemic terms. Anthony Carty builds on his earlier work in considering the role of fear in the development of notions of collective security (Carty 2002). Considering the role of fear in the context of amorality’s grip on the modern international system, Carty proposes a new anthropology of international law, drawing on the restoration of ethics in law through a critical phenomenology. In his words, a critical phenomenology can ‘expose the pathologies of fear, the use of force to dominate, and the consequences of the absence of respect’. It is an inspiring and ultimately hopeful contribution, building on a complex discussion of a wide range of theorists, and illuminating the changes occurring in a system damaged by recent events. Suitably Carty calls for law as a journey of ‘discovery Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 19, Number 2, June 2006