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Archive | 2017

MORPHEUS : Modelica-based implementation of a numerical human model involving individual human aspects

Daniel Wölki; Christoph van Treeck; Jan Hensen

This work introduces a fully scalable numerical multi-element model for the prediction of the human thermoregulatory responses of individuals to static, dynamic, homogeneous and inhomogeneous physical ambient conditions. The described Morphable Human Energy Simulator (MORPHEUS) is based on the mathematical structure of the well-known Fiala model (Fiala et al., 1999, 2001) and was combined with modeling ideas of Tanabe et al. (2002). It is implemented in the acausal, equation-based modeling language Modelica and used in connection with the commercial codeinterpreter Dymola. The latter facilitates the export of the model as a functional mock-up unit (FMU) for co-simulation, thus enabling its use within real-time applications. An extensive literature research is shown. It gives an overview of currently existing numerical human models, their fields of application, individualization approaches and key parameters that influence the human thermoregulatory response. The implemented numerical human model, MORPHEUS, follows a component-based modeling approach, which offers the advantages of code-reusability and component substitutability/-extensibility without having to modify the entire system of equations. It models the heat transfer phenomena at the surface of the human body (mixed convection, longwave radiation, skin-moisture evaporation and diffusion for individual body segments) as well as heat transfer mechanisms that occur inside living tissue (blood circulation, heat production, -conduction and -storage). Furthermore, it considers the non-uniform thermal and evaporative resistance of clothing as well as influences of the body posture on the radiative heat exchange between the human body and its surrounding structures. The anatomical part of a human being is approximated with cylindrical and spherical elements and modeled within the Passive System (PS) component. It includes a total of seven different tissue materials and models the dry and wet heat exchange of the human being with the environment related to the respiratory tract. The active control mechanisms that aim to keep the body core temperature on a nearly constant level (37 ◦C) are modeled within an Active System (AS) component. The latter follows a temperature error signal approach that involves skin and hypothalamus temperatures as the afferent signals that trigger the dynamic thermoregulatory responses shivering, sweating, vasoconstriction and vasodilatation. The entire system in its standard configuration (Fiala et al., 1999, 2001) was verified with literature data and shows good agreement with the corresponding publication results. Extensive body composition data of female and male persons aged between 18 to 35 years are presented. They were statistically evaluated and served as the base for the attached numerical representations of a typical female subject (TFS) and a typical male subject (TMS). The latter were used to demonstrate the scalability of the model as well as to theoretically investigate the genderspecific differences in the thermoregulatory response related to differences in body composition. The corresponding data were collected during diverse experiments and comprise detailed in-vivo measurements of 289 subjects (168 males, 121 females) for the extremities and the trunk section. In this regard, a technology review of different body composition measurement technologies is introduced. It revealed multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as the method of choice because of its accuracy, cost-effectiveness, flexibility with respect to location and manageability. Two different ways of adapting the passive model part of MORPHEUS to the anatomical characteristics of individuals are shown. The latter comprise the modification of individual tissue characteristics (e.g. basal metabolic rate, density, etc.) as well as the geometrical adaptation of tissue layer thicknesses in combination with the scaling of segmental lengths. The former, however, does not reflect reality and cannot be used in connection with the realistic modeling of the human anatomy. In this regard, a systematized adaptation procedure is presented, which can be used for the automatized adaptation of the PS-component. The real-time applicability of MORPHEUS is demonstrated on the base of the introduced humancentered closed-loop control (HCCLC) concept. In this regard, the model serves as a virtual human two-point controller of a thermoelectric thermostat that was used to control the indoor operative temperature of an office room over a period of four consecutive office days in December 2016 in Aachen, Germany. As a control signal for the thermostat the predicted mean skin temperature of MORPHEUS configured with the parameters originally suggested by Fiala et al. (1999) was used (threshold value for thermal neutrality 34 ◦C). Here, values bigger than the predefined threshold caused a deactivation of the radiator and vice versa. In addition, the thermoregulatory responses of MORPHEUS configured with the anatomical characteristics of the TFS were simulated in parallel. Its corresponding reactions were chosen to have no influence on the thermostat. However, the predicted radiator states were recorded, too. The results of the experiment demonstrate a realistic interaction between the humanoids, the building and the outdoor climate. Furthermore, they indicate gender-specific differences in heat requirements and show the need for customizable Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems that act locally on the human body, in order to save energy and to be able to provide comfortable thermal environments for individuals. A first comparison with published literature data confirms these findings. A validation of the outcomes with subject experiments, however, must be part of future work. Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt ein vollständig skalierbares, numerisches Multi-Element Modell zur Vorhersage der menschlichen Thermoregulationsantwort von Individuen unter statischen, dynamischen, homogenen und inhomogenen physikalischen Umgebungsbedingungen. Der sogenannte „Morphable Human Energy Simulator (MORPHEUS)“ basiert auf der mathematischen Struktur des bekannten Fiala-Modells (Fiala et al., 1999, 2001) und wurde mit Modellierungsansätzen von Tanabe et al. (2002) fusioniert. Das Modell selbst ist in der akausalen, gleichungsbasierten Modellierungssprachen Modelica implementiert und wurde in der kommerziell erhältlichen, grafischen Entwicklungsumgebung Dymola entwickelt. Die Arbeit beginnt mit einer umfangreichen Literaturrecherche, welche eine detaillierte übersicht über aktuell existierende Modellierungs-/Modifikationsansätze, deren Anwendungsgebiete, sowie Schlüsselparameter, welche die menschliche Thermoregulationsantwort beeinflussen, gibt. Das implementierte numerische Menschmodell, MORPHEUS, verfolgt einen komponentenbasierten Modellierungsansatz, welcher Vorteile hinsichtlich der Wiederverwendbarkeit des Programmiercodes bietet und gleichzeitig eine einfache Modellmodifikation/-erweiterung ermöglicht, ohne dabei umfangreiche Anpassungen an der mathematischen Gleichungsstruktur des Gesamtmodells vornehmen zu müssen. Das Modell berücksichtigt Wärmeaustauschprozesse zwischen der menschlichen Körperoberfläche und der physikalischen Umgebung (gemischte Konvektion, langwellige Strahlung, Verdunstung und Diffusion von Schweiß für individuelle Körpersegmente) sowie Wärmetransportvorgänge im lebenden Gewebe (Durchblutung, metabolische Wärmeerzeugung, Wärmeleitung und -speicherung). Weiterhin werden Inhomogenitäten hinsichtlich der Verteilung des thermischensowie des Verdunstungswiderstands von Bekleidung in Bezug zur menschlichen Körperoberfläche berücksichtigt. Der Einfluss der Körperhaltung auf den Strahlungswärmeaustausch zwischen Mensch und Umgebung ist ebenso Bestandteil des Modells. Die menschliche Anatomie wird mit Hilfe zylindrischer und sphärischer Elemente numerisch approximiert, welche als Kombination aus sieben unterschiedlichen Gewebearten aufgebaut sind und in einer passiven Modellkomponente (Passive System) zusammengeführt werden. Letztere berücksichtigt weiterhin trockene und feuchte Wärmeverluste des Atemtrakts. Die aktiven Thermoregulationsmechanismen des Menschen, die zur Aufrechterhaltung einer konstanten Körperkerntemperatur von annährend 37 ◦C notwendig sind, werden in einer aktiven Modellkomponente (Active System) modelliert. Diese basiert auf afferenten Fehlersignalen der Körperperipherie, welche die menschlichen Thermoregulationsmechanismen Schwitzen, Zittern sowie Gefäßverengung und -erweiterung auslösen. Das numerische Gesamtsystem in seiner Grundkonfiguration (Fiala et al., 1999, 2001) wurde mit Literaturdaten verifiziert und zeigt eine hohe übereinstimmung mit den entsprechenden Publikationsergebnissen. Umfangreiche Körperzusammensetzungsdaten von männlichen und weiblichen Personen im Alter von 18 bis 35 Jahren werden vorgestellt und statistisch bewertet. Sie dienen als Grundlage für die daraus abgeleiteten Modelle eines typisch weiblichen (TFS) und eines typisch männlichen (TMS) Probanden, welche zur Demonstration der Modellskalierbarkeit sowie zur theoretischen Betrachtung geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschiede hinsichtlich der menschlichen Thermoregulationsantwort als Folge der Körperzusammensetzung definiert wurden. Zugehörige in-vivo Messdaten wurden in mehreren experimentellen Untersuchungen erfasst und beinhalten detaillierte anatomische Informationen der Extremitäten und des Rumpfs von insgesamt 289 Personen (168 Männer, 121 Frauen). Eine übersicht über aktuelle in-vivo Messtechniken zur Bestimmung der menschlichen Köperzusammensetzung wird gegeben. Sie zeigt, dass neuere Multi-Frequenz Bio-Impedanz Analyse (BIA) Geräte aufgrund ihrer Genauigkeit, Kosteneffizienz, Bedienbarkeit und Flexibilität in Bezug auf ihren Einsatzort die Geräte der Wahl darstellen. Methoden zur Anpassung des passiven Modellteils von MORPHEUS an


International Conference of Energy and Thermal Management, Air Conditioning, Waste Heat Recovery | 2016

Energy-Efficient Climate Control in Electric Vehicles Through Innovative Sensor Technology and Novel Methods for Thermal Comfort Evaluation

Henning Metzmacher; Daniel Wölki; Carolin Schmidt; Jérôme Frisch; Christoph van Treeck

The increasing emission of greenhouse gases caused by a growing global rate of motorization contributes substantially to global warming and climate change. Germany aims to cut CO2 emission by 80% by the end of 2050 (BMWi 2012). In order to reach this goal, the transportation sector has to make a significant contribution. The required energy for engines in electric vehicles can be harvested from regenerative energy sources, therefore offering an opportunity for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This work introduces a system for intelligent thermal management and energy-efficient climate control in electric vehicles adopting a sensor-based evaluation of individual thermal comfort of each passenger. By deriving individual measures for each person, the overall vehicle air conditioning system operates at much lower energy levels, which results in a drastic reduction of energy consumption and hence an increase in the driving range of the vehicle.


Energy and Buildings | 2018

Real-time human skin temperature analysis using thermal image recognition for thermal comfort assessment

Henning Metzmacher; Daniel Wölki; Carolin Schmidt; Jérôme Frisch; Christoph van Treeck


Healthy Buildings 2017 Europe | 2017

Evaluation and Re-training of Two Window Opening Models Using an Independent Dataset

Sebastian Wolf; Darren Robinson; Christoph van Treeck; Daniel Wölki


Energy Procedia | 2017

Comparison of Different Classification Algorithms for the Detection of User's Interaction with Windows in Office Buildings

Romana Markovic; Sebastian Wolf; Jun Cao; Eric Wilhelm Spinnräker; Daniel Wölki; Jérôme Frisch; Christoph van Treeck


Building and Environment | 2018

Window opening model using deep learning methods

Romana Markovic; Eva Grintal; Daniel Wölki; Jérôme Frisch; Christoph van Treeck


Proceedings of SimBuild | 2017

Session : 6 - Indoor Thermal Quality Performance Prediction

Christoph van Treeck; Daniel Wölki


Proceedings of Building Simulation 2017: 15th Conference of IBPSA | 2017

Real-Time Assessment of Human Thermal Comfort Using Image Recognition in Conjunction with a Detailed Numerical Human Model

Henning Metzmacher; Carolin Schmidt; Jérôme Frisch; Christoph van Treeck; Daniel Wölki


Bauphysiktage Kaiserslautern 2017 - Bauphysik in Forschung und Praxis | 2017

Real-time tracking system for the assessment of individual-specific thermal comfort

Daniel Wölki; Christoph van Treeck; Henning Metzmacher


Bauphysiktage Kaiserslautern 2017 - Bauphysik in Forschung und Praxis | 2017

Transaction from stochastic modelling to supervised learning of occupant’s behavior

Romana Markovic; Jérôme Frisch; Christoph van Treeck; Daniel Wölki

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Sebastian Wolf

Technical University of Denmark

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Eva Grintal

RWTH Aachen University

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Jun Cao

RWTH Aachen University

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