Danilo Maeda Reino

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy as an alternative to Systemic Antibiotics: Results from a Double‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled, Clinical Study on type 2 Diabetics

AIM This double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study compared multiple applications of the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) treatment protocol, to systemic doxycycline as adjuvant to scaling and root planing (SRP) on type 2 diabetic patients on clinical, systemic and immune-inflammatory outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty patients with Hba1c >7% were allocated in two groups, SRP + Doxy (n = 15) using systemic doxycycline 100 mg/day (14 days) and SRP + aPDT (n = 15) with multiple applications (0, 3, 7 and 14 days). Primary outcome was glycated haemoglobin levels (HbA1c). Clinical parameters: plaque score (PS), bleeding on probe, probing depth, suppuration, gingival recession, and clinical attachment level, percentage of pockets with desired clinical endpoint were measured at baseline and 3 months after therapy. Cytokine profile was assessed at 0, 1 and 3 month to measure IL1-β, TNF-α and TGF-β on gingival crevicular fluid. RESULTS No significant difference was detected on HbA1c, between treatments. The SRP + aPDT group showed advantage on reducing moderate pockets in single-rooted teeth at 3 months. SRP + aPDT presented better results at 3 months on IL1-β levels. There were no significant differences between TNF-α and TGF-β. CONCLUSIONS Both treatments improved clinical and systemic outcomes (Hba1c). SRP + aPDT performed better in moderate probing pocket depth on single-rooted teeth, reduced favourably inflammation in short term, and may be an alternative to systemic antibiotics. (Clinicaltrials.org ID NCT01595594).

A Randomized comparative clinical study of two surgical procedures to improve root coverage with the acellular dermal matrix graft

AIM This randomized, controlled, clinical study compared two surgical techniques for root coverage with the acellular dermal matrix graft (ADMG) to evaluate which procedure could provide better root coverage and greater amounts of keratinized tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen pairs of bilateral Miller Class I or II gingival recessions were treated and assigned randomly to the test group, and the contra-lateral recessions were assigned to the control group. The ADMG was used in both groups. In the control group, the graft and flap were positioned at the level of the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ), and in the test group, the graft was positioned 1 mm apical to the CEJ and the flap 1 mm coronal to the CEJ. The clinical parameters were taken before the surgeries and after 6 months. The gingival recession area, a new parameter, was measured in standardized photographs through a special device and software. RESULTS There were statistically significant differences favouring the proposed technique for all parameters except for the amount of keratinized tissue at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS The proposed test technique is more suitable for root coverage procedures with ADMG, and the new parameter evaluated appears valuable for root coverage analysis. (Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01175720).

Influence of Periodontal Biotype on Buccal Bone Remodeling after Tooth Extraction Using the Flapless Approach with a Xenograft: A Histomorphometric and Fluorescence Study in Small Dogs

BACKGROUND Several approaches have been used to counteract alveolar bone resorption after tooth extraction. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of gingival thickness and bone grafting on buccal bone remodeling in extraction sockets with thin buccal bone, using a flapless approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS The gingiva of 8 dogs was thinned at one side of the mandible and mandibular premolars were extracted without flaps. The sockets were randomly assigned to the test group (thin gingiva) (TG), the test group with grafting material TG + GM, the control group (normal gingiva) (CG), or the control group with grafting material CG + GM. Ground sections were prepared from 12-week healing biopsies, and histomorphometry and fluorescence analysis were performed. RESULTS In the groups with thin gingiva, numerically greater buccal bone loss was observed, while there were no differences between grafted and nongrafted sites. A numerically higher rate of mineralization was observed for the grafted sites, as compared with the nongrafted sites, at 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS A thin buccal bone plate leads to higher bone loss in extraction sockets, even with flapless surgery. The gingival thickness or the use of a graft material did not prevent buccal bone resorption in a naturally thin biotype, but modified the mineralization process.

Clinical, Histological and Cellular Evaluation of Vertico-Lateral Maxillary Reconstruction Associating Alveolar Osteogenic Distraction and Fresh-Frozen Bone Allograft

T he rehabilitation of edentulous anterior maxillary defects with implant-supported prosthesis remains a challenge, since loss of teeth can lead to extensive vertical and horizontal bone resorption, compromising the aesthetical and functional results. Vertical alveolar defects higher than 5 mm are the most difficult to restore with high incidence of failure mainly due to either resorption or dehiscence. Several modalities of treatment have been proposed, such as autografts from distinct donor sites, allografts, xenografts, osteogenic distraction, and titanium meshes among others. Although autografts are considered the gold standard based on their osseoinduction, osseoconduction, and osteogenesis properties, some disadvantages like morbidity, time consuming and cost should be taken onto consideration before selecting this technique. In this context, alveolar osteogenic distraction (AOD) is a good alternative to gain both bone and soft tissue augmentation and fresh-frozen bone allograft (FFBA) has been successfully grafted to reconstruct bone defects in oral implantology. Beyond the unlimited availability, FFBA avoids the morbidity commonly associated with autograft harvesting. The selection of treatment should be based on adequate quality and amount of hard and soft tissues to get a suitable rehabilitation. U-shaped defects, usually present in the anterior maxilla area, are characterized by lack of structures that prevents initial soft tissue closure over a large bone graft. Considering that a tension-free closure must be performed to prevent incision breakdown on a large onlay bone graft, strategies to increase the soft tissue drape over a bone defect include free grafts, tissue expanders, and the use of gradual distraction of the residual bone. The purpose of this letter is to report a case presenting clinical, histological, and cellular evidences to support the combination of AOD and cortico-cancellous FFBA as a good alternative for reconstructing a vertico-lateral maxillary defect, allowing implant-supported rehabilitation.

Treatment of Gingival Recessions in Heavy Smokers Using Two Surgical Techniques: A Controlled Clinical Trial

Smokers have small root coverage which is associated with bad vascularity of periodontal tissues. This study evaluated a technique that can increase the blood supply to the periodontal tissues compared with a traditional technique. Twenty heavy smokers (10 males and 10 females) with two bilateral Miller class I gingival recessions received coronally positioned flaps in one side (Control group)and extended flap technique in the other side (Test group). Clinical measurements (probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, gingival recession height, gingival recession width, amount of keratinized tissue, and width and height of the papillae adjacent to the recession) were determined at baseline, 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Salivary cotinina samples were taken as an indicator of the nicotine exposure level. No statistically significant differences (p>0.05) were detected for the clinical measurements or smoke exposure. Both techniques promoted low root coverage (Control group: 43.18% and Test group: 44.52%). In conclusion, no difference was found in root coverage between the techniques. Root coverage is possible and uneventful even, if rather low, in heavy smoker patients with low plaque and bleeding indices.

Influence of periodontal tissue thickness on buccal plate remodelling on immediate implants with xenograft

AIM To evaluate the influence of gingival thickness and bone grafting on buccal bone plate remodelling after immediate implant placement in sockets with thin buccal bone, using a flapless approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS The gingiva of eight dogs was thinned at one side of the mandible, mandibular premolars were extracted without flaps, and four implants were installed on each side at 1.5 mm from the buccal bone. The sites were randomly assigned into: TG (test group) = thin gingiva; TG + GM (TG with grafting material); CG (control group) = normal gingiva; and CG + GM (CG with grafting material). After 12 weeks the dogs were sacrificed and the samples were processed for histological analysis. RESULTS All animals exhibited a thin buccal bone initially. In all the experimental groups the buccal gap was filled with newly formed bone and the buccal bone level was slightly apical to the implant shoulder. There were no statistically significant differences among the groups for the histomorphometric parameters. CONCLUSIONS The thickness of the buccal bone was a fundamental factor in buccal bone plate resorption, even with flapless implantation. The gingival thickness or the addition of a biomaterial in the gap did not influence the results.

Socket Preservation Therapy with Acellular Dermal Matrix and Mineralized Bone Allograft After Tooth Extraction in Humans: A Clinical and Histomorphometric Study.

The aim of this study was to analyze through clinical and histomorphometric parameters the use of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) with or without mineralized bone allograft (AB) on bone formation in human alveoli after a 6- to 8-month healing period. A total of 19 patients in need of extraction of the maxillary anterior teeth were selected and randomly assigned to the test group (ADM plus AB) or to the control group (ADM only). Clinical and histomorphometric measurements and histologic analysis were recorded 6 to 8 months after ridge preservation procedures. Clinical parameters and amount of mineralized and nonmineralized tissue were measured and analyzed. In the clinical measurements, the test group showed reduced bone loss in the buccopalatal dimension after 6 to 8 months (intragroup analysis P < .01). Histologic findings showed higher percentages of mineralized tissue and lower percentages of nonmineralized tissue in the test group when compared with the control group (P < .05). In this randomized controlled clinical and histomorphometric study in humans, acellular dermal matrix in association with mineralized bone allograft reduced alveolar bone loss in the anterior maxillae both in height and width after a follow-up period of 6 to 8 months.

The influence of the periodontal biotype on peri‐implant tissues around immediate implants with and without xenografts. Clinical and micro‐computerized tomographic study in small Beagle dogs

OBJECTIVE Soft tissues and buccal bone plate remodeling after immediate implantation in sockets with thin buccal bone, using the flapless approach with or without bone graft into the buccal gap, was compared between sites with thin and normal gingiva. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eight dogs had the gingiva of one side of the mandible thinned, the mandibular premolars were extracted without flaps, and 4 implants were installed in each side, positioned 1.5 mm from the buccal bone. The sites were randomly assigned into: TG (test group) = thin gingiva; TG + GM (TG with grafting material); CG (control group) = normal gingiva; and CG + GM (CG with grafting material). Buccal bone thickness (BBT), thickness of keratinized tissue (TKT), alveolar thickness (AT), gingival recession (GR), and probing depth (PD) were clinically evaluated. Within 12 weeks the dogs were sacrificed and the samples were analyzed by micro-computerized tomography. RESULTS A thin BBT was observed in all the dogs. The presurgical procedures reduced TKT in the test group, with minimal changes of the AT. There were no statistically significant differences among the groups for the clinical parameters and the tomographic analysis showed similar linear and tri-dimensional bone reduction in all the groups. CONCLUSION The thickness of the buccal bone was a fundamental factor in buccal bone plate resorption, even with flapless implantation. The decrease in gingival thickness or the addition of a biomaterial in the gap did not influence the results.

A Randomized Comparative Study of Two Techniques to Optimize the Root Coverage Using a Porcine Collagen Matrix

The aim of this randomized controlled clinical study was to compare the extended flap technique (EFT) with the coronally advanced flap technique (CAF) using a porcine collagen matrix (PCM) for root coverage. Twenty patients with two bilateral gingival recessions, Miller class I or II on non-molar teeth were treated with CAF+PCM (control group) or EFT+PCM (test group). Clinical measurements of probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), recession height (RH), keratinized tissue height (KTH), keratinized mucosa thickness (KMT) were determined at baseline, 3 and 6 months post-surgery. At 6 months, the mean root coverage for test group was 81.89%, and for control group it was 62.80% (p<0.01). The change of recession depth from baseline was statistically significant between test and control groups, with an mean of 2.21 mm gained at the control sites and 2.84 mm gained at the test sites (p=0.02). There were no statistically significant differences for KTH, PPD or CAL comparing the two therapies. The extended flap technique presented better root coverage than the coronally advanced flap technique when PCM was used.

A Modified Surgical Technique for Root Coverage With an Allograft: A 12-Month Randomized Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND The aim of this randomized controlled clinical study is to investigate whether a modified surgical technique could provide better results for root coverage and greater amounts of keratinized tissue (KT) with the acellular dermal matrix graft (ADMG). METHODS Fifteen bilateral Miller Class I or II gingival recessions (GRs) were selected. The recessions were treated and assigned randomly to the test group (TG), and the contralateral recessions were assigned to the control group (CG). The ADMG was used in both groups with differences in the graft positioning between them. The following clinical parameters were measured before the surgeries and after 12 months: 1) probing depth; 2) relative clinical attachment level; 3) GR; 4) thickness of KT (TKT); and 5) KT width. A new parameter, the GR area (GRA), was measured in standardized photographs using a special device and software. RESULTS There was no significant difference between groups in KT width and TKT parameters at the 12-month postoperative period. However, there was a significant difference between the gains in GR (ΔGR) and GRA (ΔGRA), favoring the TG after 12 months. The TG presented ΔGR = 3.04 ± 0.29 mm and ΔGRA= 38,919 ± 9,238 pixel square values (pix(2)), and the CG presented ΔGR= 2.61 ± 0.41 mm and ΔGRA= 22,245 ± 9,334 pix(2) (P <0.05 and <0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Both techniques were successful. The TG treatment was more effective in reducing GR and GRA. The flap and graft position may be of importance in root coverage procedures outcome.