Darfizzi Derawi

Optimization on Epoxidation of Palm Olein by Using Performic Acid

The epoxidation process of palm olein (PO o) was carried out by using in situ generated performic acid (HCOOOH) to produce epoxidized palm olein (EPO). HCOOOH was produced by mixing of formic acid (HCOOH) as oxygen carrier and hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2) as oxygen donor in various ratio of PO o: HCOOH: H 2O2. The effect of HCOOH and H 2O2 concentration, temperature, stirring effect and reaction time were studied. The presence of oxirane ring of EPO was characterised by fourier transformation infra-red (FTIR), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR) spectra. The results showed that an optimum oxirane oxygen content (OOC) value was obtained by using mol ratio of 1: 5: 2 at 150 minutes.

Separation of free fatty acids from high free fatty acid crude palm oil using short-path distillation

The separation of free fatty acids (FFAs) was done by using short-path distillation (SPD). The separation parameters was at their boiling points, a feed amount of 2.3 mL/min, an operating pressure of 10 Torr, a condenser temperature of 60°C, and a rotor speed of 300 rpm. The physicochemical characteristics of oil before and after SPD were determined. The results showed that FFA % of 8.7 ± 0.3 and 0.9 ± 0.1 %, iodine value of 53.1 ± 0.4 and 52.7 ± 0.5 g I2/100 g, hydroxyl value of 32.5 ± 0.6 and 13.9 ± 1.1 mg KOH/g, unsaponifiable value of 0.31 ± 0.01 and 0.20 ± 0.15%, moisture content of 0.31 ± 0.01 and 0.24 ± 0.01 % for high free fatty acid crude palm oil before and after distillation, respectively. Gas chromatography (GC) results showed that the major fatty acids in crude palm oil (CPO) were palmitic acid (44.4% - 45%) followed by oleic acid (39.6% - 39.8%). In general, high free fatty acid crude palm oil after molecular distillation (HFFA-CPOAM) showed admirably physicochemical properties.

Synthesis and characterization of neopenthyl glycol diolete as a biolubricant base

Neopenthyl glycol is a polyol that is potential to be a good base for biolubricant via esterification process with oleic acid. In this study, esterification reaction between NPG and oleic acid has been carried out in the presence of 2% w/w sulphuric acid (based on weight of FA) as a catalyst to produce NPG dioleate. The temperature for this reaction was 130°C and the molar ration of oleic acid: NPG was 2:1. The time for the reaction was 4 hours. The presence of the ester in the product was confirmed through Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and followed by NPG diolete composition determination via Gas Chromatography (GC-FID). The structure of NPG diolete was confirmed using both proton and carbon Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) analysis. 100% NPG diolete were obtained in this study. The viscosity index of the product is 227, flash point 200°C, pour point −44°C and oxidative stability 177°C.

Synthesis of palm oil fatty acid and trimethylolpropane based ester for biolubricant base stocks

RBD palm oil become one of the interesting renewable resources in biolubricant application. However, palm oil cannot be used directly as lubricant due to some performance limitations such as thermal and oxidative stability. This drawback can be overcome by chemical modification through esterification with polyhydric alcohol such as trimethylolpropane (TMP). The synthesis of ester was carried out via esterification of palm oil fatty acid (POFA) with TMP in the presence of 2% sulphuric acid as catalyst at 150 °C for 5 hours. Gas Chromatography equipped with a Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) was used to determine the percentage composition of POTMP ester. The structure confirmation of POTMP ester was proven by Fourier Transformation Infra-Red (FTIR), proton and carbon Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) spectroscopy analysis. The result showed that POTMP ester has successfully synthesized with 97.7% composition of triesters (TE), proved by GC chromatogram. Presence of ester group also evidenced by 1H NMR at 2.27-2.30 ppm and 13C NMR at 173.52-173.54 ppm. The percentage yield of POTMP ester produced was 82% and exist in liquid form at room temperature.RBD palm oil become one of the interesting renewable resources in biolubricant application. However, palm oil cannot be used directly as lubricant due to some performance limitations such as thermal and oxidative stability. This drawback can be overcome by chemical modification through esterification with polyhydric alcohol such as trimethylolpropane (TMP). The synthesis of ester was carried out via esterification of palm oil fatty acid (POFA) with TMP in the presence of 2% sulphuric acid as catalyst at 150 °C for 5 hours. Gas Chromatography equipped with a Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) was used to determine the percentage composition of POTMP ester. The structure confirmation of POTMP ester was proven by Fourier Transformation Infra-Red (FTIR), proton and carbon Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) spectroscopy analysis. The result showed that POTMP ester has successfully synthesized with 97.7% composition of triesters (TE), proved by GC chromatogram. Presence of ester group also evidence...

Synthesis of TMP-ester biolubricant basestock from palm stearin fatty acids

A potential biolubricant; TMP-ester was produced via esterification of fatty acids (FA) from palm stearin (PS) with trimethylolpropane (TMP). The synthesis was conducted at four conditions; temperature, time, molar ratio of FA:TMP and H2SO4 as catalyst (by percent based on the weight of FA and TMP) that are 150 °C, 2 hours, 4:1 and 1% of H2SO4 respectively. The composition of ester produced was determined using gas chromatography (GC-FID). The presence of ester group was confirmed by the means of FTIR by the existence of strong carboxyl band of ester, v(C=O) at 1746cm−1 and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy shows the chemical shift, δ of ester, C=O at 2.27-2.31 ppm and 173.45 ppm accordingly. From the esterification reaction, 95% product of TMP-ester was formed. The thermal and oxidative stability of TMP-ester is 200°C.A potential biolubricant; TMP-ester was produced via esterification of fatty acids (FA) from palm stearin (PS) with trimethylolpropane (TMP). The synthesis was conducted at four conditions; temperature, time, molar ratio of FA:TMP and H2SO4 as catalyst (by percent based on the weight of FA and TMP) that are 150 °C, 2 hours, 4:1 and 1% of H2SO4 respectively. The composition of ester produced was determined using gas chromatography (GC-FID). The presence of ester group was confirmed by the means of FTIR by the existence of strong carboxyl band of ester, v(C=O) at 1746cm−1 and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy shows the chemical shift, δ of ester, C=O at 2.27-2.31 ppm and 173.45 ppm accordingly. From the esterification reaction, 95% product of TMP-ester was formed. The thermal and oxidative stability of TMP-ester is 200°C.

Kajian awal Penghasilan monoasilgliserol dan diasilgliserol minyak kelapa dara melalui gliserolisis berenzim Menggunakan lipase Candida Antarctica (Novozyme 435)

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) consists mainly of saturated medium chain fatty acids which are 48.8% lauric acid (C12:0) and 20.0% myristic acid (C14:0). Both medium chain fatty acids are essential in increasing metabolism and possess antibacterial properties. These fatty acids of VCO are in the form of triacylglycerols (TAGs). Hence, VCO has to be converted into a simpler form such as monoand diacylglycerols (MAGs and DAGs) in order to increase its antibacterial functionality in metabolism. In this paper, VCO was chemically modified via enzymatic glycerolysis reaction conducted at a molar ratio of 1:1 (VCO:glycerol) and catalysed by lipase enzyme, Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435). The reaction was carried out in an incubator shaker at 50 °C and 250 rpm of reaction speed. Reaction parameters were reaction time (24 and 48 hours) and enzyme concentrations (3, 5 and 10%). The product comprises of 3.3% MAG, 3.6% DAG and 93.1% TAG has been obtained by preliminary optimum reaction condition at temperature of 50 °C with 5 %wt of enzyme concentration at 24 hours of reaction time. Chemical analysis techniques used were thin layer chromatography (TLC), fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography (GC). Products are potentially to be used as food emulsifier, pharmaceutical binders, antibacterial products as well as food additives.

Production of MAG via enzymatic glycerolysis

Enzymatic glycerolysis of a medium chain methyl ester, methyl laurate was performed using lipase Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435) for 6 hours at 55°C. The percentage of components mixture of product were determined by using gas chromatography technique. The enzymatic reaction was successfully produced monolaurin (45.9 %), dilaurin (47.1 %) and trilaurin (7.0 %) respectively. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate also showed a good separation of component spots. Fourier transformation infra-red (FTIR) spectrum showed the presence of ester carbonyl at wavenumber 1739.99 cm−1 and hydrogen bonded O-H at 3512.03 cm−1. The product is potentially to be used as emulsifier and additive in food industry, pharmaceutical, as well as antibacterial.

Fabrication and Characterization of Nickel Chloride Doped PMMA Films

Films of PMMA and PMMA doped with NiCl2 with different contents were prepared using the casting technique. The optical properties of all films were investigated using spectrophotometric measurements of absorbance and transmittance in the wavelength range 200–800 nm. The change of the calculated values of the optical energy gaps with increasing NiCl2 content has been interpreted in terms of the structural modifications of the PMMA matrix. The optical energy gap decreased from 3.6 to 3.05 eV with increasing the NiCl2 concentration to 0.4%. The effect of doping on the optical constants of films such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant, optical conductivity, and skin depth has been reported. All these constants were increased with increasing NiCl2 concentration with the exception of skin depth which is different result.

Palm Olein as Renewable Raw Materials for Industrial and Pharmaceutical Products Applications: Chemical Characterization and Physicochemical Properties Studies

Palm olein (P) is widely produced as edible oil in tropical countries. P is considered as renewable raw material for the new industrial and pharmaceutical products synthesis based on its characterization. Palm olein was good on its viscosity index, oxidative stability, and flash and fire point. P contained unsaturated triacylglycerols (TAGs): POO (33.3%); POP (29.6%) which plays an important role in chemical modification process to produce new industrial products. The double bond was detected on 1H-NMR (5.3 ppm) and 13C-NMR (130 ppm) spectra. The chemical compositions of P were tested by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) techniques. This unsaturated oil is potentially to be used as renewable raw materials in chemical modification process to synthesise polyols, polyurethane, and biolubricant for industrial and pharmaceutical products application.