David C. Brody

Community Policing and Job Satisfaction: Suggestive Evidence of Positive Workforce Effects from a Multijurisdictional Comparison in Washington State

The effects of the implementation of community oriented policing (COP) on police personnel job satisfaction remain a subject of considerable controversy. Although the dramatic changes associated with COP programs and the implementation of practices reflecting a COP philosophy commonly introduce uncertainty and insecurity in police agencies, a number of single-jurisdiction case studies of COP adoption have reported positive effects on police employee job satisfaction among officers engaged in COP activities. Using survey and archival data on job satisfaction among a cross-section of local government employees from 12 local government jurisdictions, this study finds evidence of positive effects on the mean job satisfaction levels for police officers attributable to the implementation of COP. It was found that: (a) police personnel in high COP implementation agencies report higher job satisfaction than police personnel in other agencies, and (b) the ubiquitous job satisfaction gap between police and nonpolice personnel in local governments is closed by the systematic adoption of COP.

The effectiveness of external assessments in facilitating organizational change in law enforcement

Police departments across the USA have been challenged in their efforts toward broad implementation of community policing. This paper examines the level of change at five law enforcement agencies in the western USA. The changes at these agencies were precipitated by an independent, external, on‐site assessment of each department conducted by the Western Regional Institute for Community Oriented Public Safety (WRICOPS), one of 28 regional community policing institutes funded by the US Department of Justices COPS Office. The nature of the on‐site assessment is discussed, along with reasons as to why the process tends to promote rather significant organizational changes in some law enforcement agencies, but only cursory changes in others.

Criminal Procedure Under State Law: An Empirical Examination of Selective New Federalism

Since the mid-1970s, states have extended civil liberties to criminal defendants beyond what is mandated by the U.S. Supreme Court. Despite the rare use of state constitutional law to provide additional protections to individuals, legal scholars and social scientists have examined various aspects of new federalism. Largely ignored by this research have been the actions of the states in actually providing additional rights to criminal defendants. This study examines whether states differ in the number of doctrinal areas in which they provide additional protections and what might explain these differences. It explores the impact of institutional, ideological, and environmental factors on the level of rights that states provide to criminal defendants and discusses the theoretical underpinnings for the observed differences.

Social Capital and Protecting the Rights of the Accused in the American States An Investigation of the Dark Side of Social Capital

High levels of social capital in communities are related to a number of positive conditions. Although high levels of social capital are generally viewed positively, they may also have negative consequences, particularly the mistreatment of people outside the mainstream. As social capital increases, individuals charged with committing crimes—norm violators—may experience increased sanctions and decreased constitutional protections from the state. To explore this aspect of social capital, this study examines the relationship between a states level of social capital and the likelihood of its highest court granting criminal defendants rights beyond those man-dated by the Supreme Court.

The Empire State Strikes Back: Examining Death-and Life-Qualification of Jurors and Sentencing Alternatives under New York's Capital-Punishment Law*

New Yorks 195 death-penalty legislation requires prospective jurors to be “death qualified” and “life qualified” in order to serve in capital trials. Thus, if a venire members views about capital punishment would interfere with his or her ability to consider imprisoning both statutory sentencing options of death and life imprisonment without parole (LWOP), the prospective juror is excluded by law from participating in either guilt-phase or penalty-phase deliberations. In addition, although the law requires jurors to choose between sentences of death and LWOP following a capital-murder conviction, it includes a unique provision governing cases in which a jury is unable to achieve a unanimous sentencing verdict: the judge must sentence the defendant to a term of 20 to 25 years to life imprisonment, and the jury is so instructed prior to beginning its deliberations. This article reports the results of a survey that sheds light on the effects that death-and life-qualification may have on “crime control” and “due process” attitudes represented on New York capital juries, and on the demographic attributes of jury members. Information also is presented about whether potential jurors would be induced by the laws sentencing options to switch their votes in order to avoid a nonunanimous penalty-phase verdict that would result in an offenders receiving a 20 to 25 year to life sentence. The survey results have potentially troubling implications for the administration of New Yorks death-penalty legislation.

Officer attitudes toward citizen review and professional accountability

The practice of citizen review has developed as one method for improving the accountability of law enforcement officers to the general public and to their respective criminal justice organizations. However, little information is available regarding officers’ general perceptions of the citizen review process, as well as the perceptions of those officers who have actually been subject to formal review. This study provides analysis of data collected via a survey of commissioned officers in a large metropolitan police department in the Pacific Northwest. Their attitudes and perceptions of their professional and civilian oversight board, the Offices of Professional Accountability (OPA), were measured, and this study found that police officers with a deeper understating of the OPA system were more willing to report misconduct. Also, police officers who possess higher satisfaction attitudes toward the OPA were more likely to report grievances to it.

Facing Allegations of Non-Deliberating Jurors

r I 1 he 2003 state trial of executives Dennis Kozlowski and Mark Swartz for alleged JL ly stealing hundreds of millions of dollars from Tyco had gone as expected in the New York Supreme Court. The prosecution presented volumes of evidence (includ ing videotapes) showing the vast sums of money taken from the company by the defendants and spent on items such as a

Risk factors for domestic violence during pregnancy: a meta-analytic review

6,000 shower curtain, a

Judicial Performance Evaluations by State Governments: Informing the Public While Avoiding the Pitfalls*

5 million diamond ring, and a

Management Note Judicial Performance Evaluations by State Governments: Informing the Public While Avoiding the Pitfalls·

2 million birthday party for Mr. Kozlowskis wife. The defense countered that such items were legitimate business expenses, and as members of the Tyco board of directors the defendants were permitted to borrow large sums of money and have the company pay for business expenses. After six months of testimony and argument, the jury began deliberating and convictions were believed to be imminent. Then the unexpected occurred. On the sixth day of deliberations, the jury sent a note to the court stating: