David C. Joy

Introduction to analytical electron microscopy

Chpater 1 Principles of Image Formation.- Chpater 2 Introductory Electron Optics.- Chpater 3 Principles of Thin Film X-Ray Microanalysis.- Chpater 4 Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis: Insturmental Considerations and Applications to Materials Science.- Chpater 5 EDS Quantitation and Application to Biology.- Chpater 6 Monte Carlo Simulation in Analytical Electron Microscopy.- Chpater 7 The Basic Principles of Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy.- Chpater 8 Energy Loss Spectrometry for Biological Research.- Chpater 9 Elemental Analysis Using Inner-Shell Excitations: A Microanalytical Technique for materials Characterization.- Chpater 10 Analysis of the Electronic Structure of Solids.- Chpater 11 Stem Imaging of Crystals and Defects.- Chpater 12 Biological Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy.- Chpater 13 Electron Microscopy of Individual Atoms.- Chpater 14 microdiffraction.- Chpater 15 Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction.- Chpater 16 Radiation Damage with Biological Specimens and Organic Materials.- Chpater 17 Radiation Effects in Analysis of Inorganic Specimens by TEM.- Chpater 18 Barriers to AEM: Contamination and Etching.- Chpater 19 Microanalysis by Lattice Imaging.- Chpater 20 Weak-Beam Microscopy.- Chpater 21 The Analysis of Defects Using Computer Simulated Images.- Chpater 22 The Strategy of Analysis.

Principles of analytical electron microscopy

This text discusses the fundamentals which lay a foundation for todays state-of-the-art microscopy. All currently important areas in analytical electron microscopy--including electron optics, electron beam/specimen interactions, image formation, x-ray microanalysis, energy-loss spectroscopy, electron diffraction and specimen effects--have been given thorough attention.

Ion‐beam‐deposited polycrystalline diamondlike films

X‐ray and electron beam diffraction analyses have been carried out on thin films deposited from a beam of carbon ions. Results show that the films consist of a polycrystalline background of cubic diamond with a particle size of 50–100 A with single‐crystal regions up to 5 μm in diameter.

Introduction to electron holography

Valid Conventions throughout the Book. 1. The History of the Electron Biprism. 2. Principles and Theory of Electron Holography. 3. Optical Characteristics of a Holography Electron Microscope. 4. Practical Electron Holography. 5. Quantitative Electron Holography. 6. The Reconstruction of Off-Axis Electron Holograms. 7. Electron Holography of Electromagnetic Fields. 8. On Recording, Processing and Interpretation of Low Magnification Electron Holograms. 9. High Resolution Off-Axis Electron Holography. 10. Off-Axis Stem Holography. 11. Focus Variation Electron Holography. 12. Applications of Electron Holography. 13. Electron Holography using Diffracted Electron Beams (DBH). 14. Electron Holography at Low Energy. 15. A Plus or Minus Sign in the Fourier Transform? Bibliography. Index.

Advanced Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis

1. Modeling Electron Beam-Specimen Interactions.- 2. SEM Microcharacterization of Semiconductors.- 3. Electron Channeling Contrast in the SEM.- 4. Magnetic Contrast in the SEM.- 5. Computer-Aided Imaging and Interpretation.- 6. Alternative Microanalytical Techniques.- 7. Specimen Coating.- 8. Advances in Specimen Preparation for Biological SEM.- 9. Cryomicroscopy.- References.

Electron channeling patterns in the scanning electron microscope

This article provides a comprehensive review of the theory, practice, and application of electron channeling patterns in the scanning electron microscope. An atlas of indexed channeling maps for the bcc, fcc, diamond cubic, and hcp systems is included with a bibliography of 240 references containing all known published work on electron channeling for crystallographic studies in the SEM.

Low voltage scanning electron microscopy

Abstract Low voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) is the application of the SEM at beam energies below 5 keV. The fall in electron beam range compared to its magnitude at higher energies leads to significant changes in the beam interaction volume and in the secondary and backscattered electron yields. The topographic and beam penetration contrast effects which dominate images at high energies are replaced by detector collection efficiency contrast effects giving images which are less three dimensional but which contain more detailed information on the surface morphology and, in some circumstances, the surface chemistry of the specimen. In order to observe non-conducting specimens a state of charge balance must be obtained to obviate imaging artifacts. This requires an optimized choice of the incident beam energy, sample tilt, beam current and magnification for each sample. The high stopping power of electrons at low energy can result in enhanced radiation damage. However, because of the small electron range such damage is confined to a thin, near surface, region of the specimen. The combination of a field emission gun and a high performance lens allows the probe size of the instrument to be made almost independent of the chosen beam energy over the range 1–30 keV and probable advance in electron sources and electron optics promise still better levels of performance for the LVSEM.

Silver nanocrystallites: biofabrication using Shewanella oneidensis, and an evaluation of their comparative toxicity on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

Microorganisms have long been known to develop resistance to metal ions either by sequestering metals inside the cell or by effluxing them into the extracellular media. Here we report the biosynthesis of extracellular silver-based single nanocrystallites of well-defined composition and homogeneous morphology utilizing the gamma-proteobacterium, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, upon incubation with aqueous silver nitrate solution. Further characterization of these particles revealed that the crystals consist of small, reasonably monodispersed spheres in the 2-11 nm size range (average of 4 +/- 1.5 nm). The bactericidal effect of these nanoparticles (biogenic-Ag) is compared to chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles (colloidal-Ag and oleate capped silver nanoparticles, oleate-Ag) and assessed using Gram-negative (E. coli and S. oneidensis) and Gram-positive (B. subtilis) bacteria. Relative toxicity was based on the diameter of inhibition zone in disk diffusion tests, minimum inhibitory concentrations, live/dead assays, and atomic force microscopy. From a toxicity perspective, strain-dependent inhibition depended on the synthesis procedure and the surface coat. Biogenic-Ag was found to be of higher toxicity compared to colloidal-Ag for all three strains tested, whereas E. coli and S. oneidensis were found to be more resistant to either of these nanoparticles than B. subtilis. In contrast, oleate-Ag was not toxic to any of the bacteria. These findings have implications for the potential uses of Ag nanomaterials and for their fate in biological and environmental systems.

CALCULATIONS OF MOTT SCATTERING CROSS SECTION

Calculations of Mott elastic scattering cross section of electrons for most elements of the periodic table up to element number 94 in the energy range 20 eV–20 keV have been performed. The Dirac equation transformed to a first‐order differential equation was solved numerically. The influence of the choice of atomic potential on the scattering factor was studied in comparison to a simple muffin‐tin approximation of the atomic potential in solids. The application of calculated cross sections to a conventional Monte Carlo model for electron scattering using modified Bethe equation is described and results concerning the electron backscattering for different atomic potentials are compared.

Effects of Engineered Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles on Bacterial Growth and Viability

ABSTRACT Interest in engineered nanostructures has risen in recent years due to their use in energy conservation strategies and biomedicine. To ensure prudent development and use of nanomaterials, the fate and effects of such engineered structures on the environment should be understood. Interactions of nanomaterials with environmental microorganisms are inevitable, but the general consequences of such interactions remain unclear, due to a lack of standard methods for assessing such interactions. Therefore, we have initiated a multianalytical approach to understand the interactions of synthesized nanoparticles with bacterial systems. These efforts are focused initially on cerium oxide nanoparticles and model bacteria in order to evaluate characterization procedures and the possible fate of such materials in the environment. The growth and viability of the Gram-negative species Escherichia coli and Shewanella oneidensis, a metal-reducing bacterium, and the Gram-positive species Bacillus subtilis were examined relative to cerium oxide particle size, growth media, pH, and dosage. A hydrothermal synthesis approach was used to prepare cerium oxide nanoparticles of defined sizes in order to eliminate complications originating from the use of organic solvents and surfactants. Bactericidal effects were determined from MIC and CFU measurements, disk diffusion tests, and live/dead assays. For E. coli and B. subtilis, clear strain- and size-dependent inhibition was observed, whereas S. oneidensis appeared to be unaffected by the particles. Transmission electron microscopy along with microarray-based transcriptional profiling was used to understand the response mechanism of the bacteria. Use of multiple analytical approaches adds confidence to toxicity assessments, while the use of different bacterial systems highlights the potential wide-ranging effects of nanomaterial interactions in the environment.