David Cruise Malloy

Codes of ethics and tourism: an exploratory content analysis.

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to investigate the content of a number of codes of ethics∗ from the tourism industry. To accomplish this objective, the researchers analysed 414 statements from 40 codes of ethics based upon a theoretical framework. This framework was developed using ethical theory and locus of analysis (LOA) constructs. Six categories emerged from the data and were juxtaposed with the ethics-LOA theoretical framework. The results of this study demonstrate that codes of ethics are generally deontological in nature. Implications of this ethical orientation are discussed and recommendations for future code development are provided.

Ethical work climate dimensions in a not-for-profit organization: An empirical study

This paper is an attempt to address the limited amount of research in the realm of organizational ethical climate in the not-for-profit sector. The paper draws from Victor and Cullens (1988) theoretical framework which, combines the constructs of cognitive moral development, ethical theory, and locus of analysis. However, as a point of departure from Victor and Cullens work, the authors propose an alternative methodology to extract ethical climate dimensions based on theoretical considerations. Using the Ethical Climate Questionnaire (ECQ), an exploratory factor analysis is conducted followed by a confirmatory factor analysis using LISREL. The resulting five dimensions are labelled as: individual caring, machiavellianism, independence, social caring, and law and code. Findings provide a somewhat disparate perspective of the ethical climates in a not-for-profit context. First, there is a more discriminating perception of benevolent climate than its for-profit counterpart. Second, the dimensions are polarized between the individual and the cosmopolitan loci of analysis. These findings are then discussed with implications and direction for future research.

Measuring the ethical nature of tourism operators

Abstract Selected ecotourism, adventure, fishing, cruiseline, and golf operators were studied in an effort to determine possible ethical differences among them as distinct groups. Through the implementation of a multidimensional ethics scale, the resulting data illustrate that ecotourism operators were in fact more ethical than their counterparts in the other groups. This became apparent on the basis of analyzing their responses to ethical economic, social, and ecological issues outlined in three scenarios. The paper examines the influence of education, organizational size, and the use of codes of ethics in day-to-day business operation and practice to help explain the differences that exist among the participating groups.

Culture and Organizational Climate: Nurses’ Insights Into Their Relationship With Physicians:

Within any organization (e.g. a hospital or clinic) the perception of the way things operate may vary dramatically as a function of one’s location in the organizational hierarchy as well as one’s professional discipline. Interorganizational variability depends on organizational coherence, safety, and stability. In this four-nation (Canada, Ireland, Australia, and Korea) qualitative study of 42 nurses, we explored their perception of how ethical decisions are made, the nurses’ hospital role, and the extent to which their voices were heard. These nurses suggested that their voices were silenced (often voluntarily) or were not expressed in terms of ethical decision making. Finally, they perceived that their approach to ethical decision making differed from physicians.

A study of thematic content in hospital mission statements: a question of values.

Abstract: We examined the content of Canadian hospital mission statements using thematic content analysis. The mission statements that we studied varied in terms of both content and length. Although there was some content related to goals designed to ensure organizational visibility, survival, and competitiveness, the domain of values predominated over our entire coding structure. The primary value-related theme that emerged concerned the importance of patient care.

Ecotourism and Ethics: Moral Development and Organizational Cultures

As the ecotourism industry grows and matures, the need to address ethical conduct from an organizational perspective becomes increasingly more important for this sector to survive and prosper into the 21st century. The literature suggests that those organizations with ethical cultures tend to provide work environments that encourage employee personal growth and development and provide more efficient, effective, and productive business outcomes for the stake-holders than those organizations whose ethical practices are questionable. The purpose of this article is to present a model and hierarchy of ethical organizational cultural ty pologies as they apply to ecotourism. Those who work in the field may find this framework helpful in identifying the nature of an ecotourism organizations ethical culture. The framework may also provide a developmental structure for enhancing or transforming an ecotourism organization.

Critical and Ethical Thinking in Sport Management: Philosophical Rationales and Examples of Methods

Critical thinking is recognised as a necessary central competency of university graduates in a variety of professional fields. Many articles identify and expound on the need for critical thinking pedagogy allied with sound moral and ethical thought and behaviour. This paper seeks to identify the central aspects of critical thinking within the ethical conceptual terms of ontology, epistemology, and axiology for sport management pedagogy. Within the concept of axiology is the basis of ethical thinking and acting. We weave the discussion of critical thinking within an ethical basis toward practical pedagogical activities for developing and advancing critical thinking skills and abilities in sport management graduates.

The ethical ideologies of psychologists and physicians: A preliminary comparison

The ethical ideologies of psychologists (who provide health services) and physicians were compared using the Ethics Position Questionnaire. The findings reveal that psychologists tend to be less relativistic than physicians. Further, we explored the degree to which physicians and psychologists report being influenced by a variety of factors (e.g., family views) in their ethical decision making. Psychologists were more influenced by their code of ethics and less influenced by family views, religious background, and peer attitudes than were physicians. We argue that these differences reflect the varied professional cultures in which practitioners are trained and socialized.

A controlled investigation of continuing pain education for long-term care staff

BACKGROUND The underassessment and undertreatment of pain in residents of long-term care (LTC) facilities has been well documented. Gaps in staff knowledge and inaccurate beliefs have been identified as contributors. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effectiveness of an expert-based continuing education program in pain assessment⁄management for LTC staff. METHODS Participants included 131 LTC staff members who were randomly assigned to either an interactive pain education (PE) program, which addressed gaps in knowledge such as medication management, or an interactive control program consisting of general dementia education without a specific clinical focus. Participants attended three sessions, each lasting 3 h, and completed measures of pain-related knowledge and attitudes⁄beliefs before, immediately after and two weeks following the program. Focus groups were conducted with a subset of participants to gauge perception of the training program and barriers to implementing pain-related strategies. RESULTS Analysis using ANOVA revealed that PE participants demonstrated larger gains compared with control participants with regard to pain knowledge and pain beliefs. Barriers to implementing pain-related strategies certainly exist. Nonetheless, qualitative analyses demonstrated that PE participants reported that they overcame many of these barriers and used pain management strategies four times more frequently than control participants. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to previous research, the present study found that the interactive PE program was effective in changing pain beliefs and improving knowledge. Continuing PE in LTC has the potential to address knowledge gaps among front-line LTC providers.

The role of existentialism in ethical business decision‐making

This paper presents an integrated model of ethical decision-making in business that incorporates teleological, deontological and existential theory. Existentialism has been curiously overlooked by many scholars in the field despite the fact that it is so fundamentally a theory of choice. We argue that it is possible to seek good organisational ends (teleology), through the use of right means (deontology), and enable the decision-maker to do so authentically (existentialism). More specifically, we provide a framework that will enable the decision-maker to integrate the various ethical schools of thought available to them and to apply this framework in the ethical decision-making process. The model presented makes explicit the existential position of choice and takes into account other contextual moderating factors. Negative Option Marketing is used as a running application to illustrate the role of existentialism in the decision-making process.