David F. Bush

NEGOTIATION FOR STARTING SALARY: ANTECEDENTS AND OUTCOMES AMONG RECENT COLLEGE GRADUATES

Recent college graduates were surveyed to explore factors associated with both negotiation propensity as well as success in raising initial salary offers through negotiation. The average payoff associated with negotiation was over

Sex Differences in the Solution of Achromatic and Chromatic Embedded Figures

1,500, while the offers of those who did not negotiate increased negligibly. Applicants given the option to present their salary needs negotiated at higher rates than those who were not, and individuals who had prior work experience were more likely to receive this option. Women were no less likely to engage in negotiation than men, and experienced similar success as a result of their efforts.

Gender and nonverbal expressiveness in patient recall of health information

20 male and 20 female Ss were given a 6-item embedded-figures test. Half of each sex received chromatic and half achromatic format. Female Ss proposed significantly more incorrect solutions and required significantly more time to reach correct solutions. There were no differences due to color format and no interactions.

Order of Acquisition of Identity Conservation, Equivalence Conservation and Compensation

This article discusses the importance of patient recall of health information, including factors that influence recall and those which are influenced by it. The role of nonverbal communication in health care and gender differences in health care are considered relative to the relationship between communication and memory. Two studies are discussed that suggest that physician gender and patient gender may interact with nonverbal expressiveness to either enhance or hinder the patients recall of health information. Specifically, these studies suggest that a highly expressive or effective speaker of the same sex is more helpful for recall than one who is less expressive or effective. When the physician (speaker) is of the opposite sex, better results are found with a less expressive or effective speaker.

A comparison of moral reasoning in drug addicts and nonaddicts

Identity conservation, equivalence conservation, and compensation were assessed in children from kindergarten, first and second grades (ns = 18). Older children performed better on all judgment tasks. However, kindergarten children performed better on identity conservation than the other two tasks, while first and second graders performed similarly on conservation of identity and equivalence but more poorly on compensation.

Patterns of Authoritarianism Between Generations

Assessed moral reasoning of 20 male addict patients and 17 nonprofessional male hospital employees by Kohlbergs methods. The mean level of moral reasoning of the drug addict group (2.97) was not found to differ significantly from that of the nonaddict comparison group (2.88). Furthermore, moral reasoning in addicts was not found to be related significantly to a number of background and personality characteristics. The findings, therefore, indicated that moral reasoning and moral behavior are not related significantly in drug addicts. It was concluded that the deviant behavior of this group is more likely the result of a deficiency in ego controls.

EDICT for computer ethics education

Summary Family units, consisting of one young adult offspring of either sex and both parents, were given two measures of authoritarianism: The California F Scale and the Traditional Family Ideology (TFI) Scale developed by Levinson and Huffman. The final sample of those families completing all scales consisted of 43 families of female young adults and 25 families of male young adults. As expected, the young adults were significantly less authoritarian than their parents on both measures. Previous research had reported mixed results on sex differences in authoritarianism, some reporting males more authoritarian, others females more authoritarian, and still others no difference. The present study found no sex differences. Mixed results have also been reported in parent-child similarities, with some studies finding cross-sex similarities and others reporting same-sex similarities. The present research supported neither pattern, since none of the parent-offspring correlations was significant for either sex. T...

MORAL REASONING IN ALCOHOLICS AND ADDICTS: STRUCTURE VS CONTENT

Abstract The authors have developed an instrument called EDICT (Ethical Dilemmas In Computing Test) for developing educational methodology addressing ethical issues associated with computer use. This tool is designed to determine the subjects stage of moral development through analysis of responses to computer-related scenarios involving ethical decisions. These scenarios have been effective in stimulating discussion and debate in computer law and ethics courses. The scenarios are summarized here and one is presented in its entirety. Observations from a study of free-form essay-style responses to the EDICT scenarios, and a second study restricting the response to a standardized, machine-gradable short answer are discussed. Results of this second study, involving 200 undergraduate students, are reported. Suggestions are made on the use of the instrument in computer-related ethical education.

THE SOLUTION OF ACHROMATIC AND CHROMATIC EMBEDDED FIGURES REVISITED

19 alcoholics and 20 addicts were selected from the detoxified inpatient population of a VA hospital. 17 socioeconomically matched controls were drawn from the nonprofessional staff. Kohlbergs Moral Maturity scores were not significantly different for the three groups. However, the content variables involved in choosing between the value of life and law differentiated these groups. The value of reporting both structure and content was examined.

College Activism Reassessed: The Development of Activists and Nonactivists from Successive Cohorts

Two samples of 20 males and 20 females each were drawn from two Eastern universities. Each of these two samples was presented with the 12-item Form B of Witkins Embedded Figures Test, with half of each sex receiving the achromatic and half the chromatic format. As in the previous experiment (Bush & Coward, 1974), neither replication yielded a significant difference in mean solution time attributable to the effects of color. However, unlike the previous investigation, no sex differences were observed.