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Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series | 2011

KEPLER-10 c: A 2.2 EARTH RADIUS TRANSITING PLANET IN A MULTIPLE SYSTEM

Francois Fressin; Guillermo Torres; J.-M. Desert; David Charbonneau; Natalie M. Batalha; Jonathan J. Fortney; Jason F. Rowe; Christopher Allen; William J. Borucki; Timothy M. Brown; Stephen T. Bryson; David R. Ciardi; William D. Cochran; Drake Deming; Edward W. Dunham; Daniel C. Fabrycky; Thomas N. Gautier; Ronald L. Gilliland; Christopher E. Henze; Matthew J. Holman; Steve B. Howell; Jon M. Jenkins; Karen Kinemuchi; Heather A. Knutson; David G. Koch; David W. Latham; Jack J. Lissauer; Geoffrey W. Marcy; Darin Ragozzine; Dimitar D. Sasselov

The Kepler mission has recently announced the discovery of Kepler-10 b, the smallest exoplanet discovered to date and the first rocky planet found by the spacecraft. A second, 45 day period transit-like signal present in the photometry from the first eight months of data could not be confirmed as being caused by a planet at the time of that announcement. Here we apply the light curve modeling technique known as BLENDER to explore the possibility that the signal might be due to an astrophysical false positive (blend). To aid in this analysis we report the observation of two transits with the Spitzer Space Telescope at 4.5 μm. When combined, they yield a transit depth of 344 ± 85 ppm that is consistent with the depth in the Kepler passband (376 ± 9 ppm, ignoring limb darkening), which rules out blends with an eclipsing binary of a significantly different color than the target. Using these observations along with other constraints from high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy, we are able to exclude the vast majority of possible false positives. We assess the likelihood of the remaining blends, and arrive conservatively at a false alarm rate of 1.6 × 10^(–5) that is small enough to validate the candidate as a planet (designated Kepler-10 c) with a very high level of confidence. The radius of this object is measured to be R_p = 2.227^(+0.052)_(–0.057) R_⊕ (in which the error includes the uncertainty in the stellar properties), but currently available radial-velocity measurements only place an upper limit on its mass of about 20 M_⊕. Kepler-10 c represents another example (with Kepler-9 d and Kepler-11 g) of statistical validation of a transiting exoplanet, as opposed to the usual confirmation that can take place when the Doppler signal is detected or transit timing variations are measured. It is anticipated that many of Keplers smaller candidates will receive a similar treatment since dynamical confirmation may be difficult or impractical with the sensitivity of current instrumentation.


Archive | 2006

The Kepler Mission: A Transit-Photometry Mission to Discover Terrestrial Planets

William J. Borucki; David G. Koch; Gibor Basri; Timothy M. Brown; Douglas A. Caldwell; Edna DeVore; Edward W. Dunham; Thomas N. Gautier; John C. Geary; Ronald L. Gilliland; Alan Gould; Steven B. Howell; Jon M. Jenkins


Archive | 2001

Expected results for the number extrasolar planets vs their size and semi-major axis from the Kepler Mission

William J. Borucki; David G. Koch; Jon M. Jenkins


Archive | 1995

Ground-Based Observations to Detect Terrestrial and Jovian Planets Around CM Draconis

Laurance R. Doyle; Jon M. Jenkins; Hans J. Deeg; E. L. Martín; Jakob P. Schneider; Michel Chevreton; E. V. Paleologou; Won Boo Lee; Edward W. Dunham; David G. Koch; E. J. Blue; D. Toublanc; Zoran Ninkov; Christiaan L. Sterken


Archive | 2006

Optimization of the Kepler Field of View

Natalie M. Batalha; William J. Borucki; Douglas A. Caldwell; Hema Chandrasekaran; Thomas N. Gautier; Jon M. Jenkins; David G. Koch


Archive | 2001

The Impact of Stellar Variability on the Detection of Transiting Terrestrial Planets

Jon M. Jenkins; Douglas A. Caldwell; William J. Borucki; David G. Koch


Archive | 1998

Photometric Search for Exoplanets with the NASA AMES Vulcan Camera

Douglas A. Caldwell; William J. Borucki; Jon M. Jenkins; David G. Koch; Zoran Ninkov


Archive | 1995

Comparing the Expectations for Different Planetary Search Methods

William J. Borucki; David G. Koch


Archive | 1993

Progress in the Photometric Search for Extrasolar Planets

William J. Borucki; David G. Koch; Edward W. Dunham; Peter Rex Davis; Silvano P. Colombano; Arno F. Granados; C. H. Ford; Phuong N. Pham; Laurance R. Doyle; William Dale Heacox; Harold J. Reitsema; Alan W. Delamere; Martin J. Duncan; L. Robinson


Archive | 2011

The Architectures of Planetary Systems from Transit Observations

Eric B. Ford; Daniel C. Fabrycky; Matthew J. Holman; Jack J. Lissauer; Althea V. Moorhead; Robert C. Morehead; Darin Ragozzine; Jason H. Steffen; David G. Koch

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William J. Borucki

Rochester Institute of Technology

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Ronald L. Gilliland

Pennsylvania State University

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Thomas N. Gautier

Space Telescope Science Institute

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