David O. Hansen

Sustainable agriculture and the international rice-wheat system

Addressing a topic of major importance to the maintenance of world food supplies, this reference identifies knowledge gaps, defines priorities, and formulates recommendations for the improvement of the rice-wheat farming system. The book reveals new systems of rice intensification and management and illustrates the application of no-till and conservation farming to the rice-wheat system. With contributions from 65 international experts, and case studies from India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, Sustainable Agriculture and the International Rice-Wheat System focuses on seeding equipment and residue management, weed control, water and nutrient efficiency, and integrated pest management.

Climate change and global food security

PREFACE CONTRIBUTORS GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY Reducing World Hunger in Tropical Africa while Coping with Climate Change, P.A. Sanchez World Food Security: Perspectives, Past, Present, and Future, D.J. Greenland Changing Times and Directions, R.D. Havener, C.R. Dowswell, and N.E. Borlaug Greenhouse Gases and Food Security in Low-Income Countries, R. Darwin, S. Rosen, and S. Shapouri Climate Change, Soil Carbon Dynamics, and Global Food Security, R. Lal CLIMATE CHANGE AND NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY Climate Change Effects on the Water Supply in Some Major River Basins, R.S. Muttiah and R.A. Wurbs Climate Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem Productivity, W.M. Post and A.W. King The Changing Role of Forests in the Global Carbon Cycle: Responding to Elevated Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere, E.H. Delucia, D. J. Moore, J.G. Hamilton, R.B. Thomas, C.J. Singer, and R.J. Norby Impact of Climate Change on Soil Organic Matter Status in Cattle Pasture in Western Brazilian Amazon, C. C. Cerri, M. Bernoix, C.E.P. Cerri, and K. Paustian CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRONOMIC PRODUCTION Climate Change, Agriculture, and Sustainability, C. Rosenzweig and D. Hillel Assessing the Consequences of Climate Change for Food Security: A View from the IPCCW, Easterling Climate Change and Tropical Agriculture: Implications for Social Vulnerability and Food Security, H. Eakin Effects of Global Climate Change on Agricultural Pests: Possible Impacts and Dynamics at Population, Species-Interaction And Community Levels, A. Joern, J. D. Logan, and W. Wolesensky Food Security and Production in Dryland Regions, B.A. Stewart Climate Change and Crop Production: Challenges to Modeling Future Scenarios, E.S. Takle and Z. Pan SOIL CARBON DYNAMICS AND FARMING/CROPPING SYSTEMS Soil Carbon Sequestration: Understanding and Predicting Responses to Soil Climate and Management, J. Jones, V. Walen, M. Doubmia, and A.J. Gijsman Reducing Greenhouse Warming Potential by Carbon Sequestration in Soils: Opportunities, Limits and Tradeoffs, J. Duxbury Management Practices and Carbon Losses via Sediment and Subsurface Flow, L.B. Owens and M.J. Shipitalo Measuring and Monitoring Soil Carbon Sequestration at the Project Level, R.C. Izaurralde Dynamics of Carbon Sequestration in Various Agroclimatic Zones of Uganda, M. M. Tenywa, M. Mwanjalolo, M.K. Magunda, R. Lal, and G. Taulya Soil Carbon Sequestration in Dryland Farming Systems, P. Koohafhan, A. Rey and J. Antoine. More Food, Less Poverty? The Potential Role of Carbon Sequestration in Smallholder Farming Systems in Senegal, P. Tschakert Hillside Agriculture and Food Security in Mexico: Advances in the Sustainable Hillside Management Project, J.I. Cortes, A. Turrent, P. Diaz, L. Jimenez, E. Hernandez, and R. Mendoza Soil Organic Carbon, Quality Index and Soil Fertility in Hillside Agriculture, J.D. Etchevers, M.A. Vergara, M.M. Acosta, C.M. Monreal, and L. Jimenez Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration in Zambia, R.B. Dadson, J. Joshi, F.M. Hashem, A.L. Allen, C. Bolek, S.W. Muliokela, and A. Chalebesa POLICY AND ECONOMIC ISSUES Policy and Economic Issues Dealing with Global Warming, G. E. Schuh Confronting the Twin Problems of Global Warming and Food Insecurity, L. Tweeten Policies and Incentive Mechanisms for the Permanent Adoption of Agricultural Carbon Sequestration Practices in Industrialized and Developing Countries, J.M. Antle and L.M. Young The Impact of Climate Change in a Developing Country: A Case Study from Mali, T. Butt and B. McCarl TOWARDS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES Researchable Issues and Development Priorities for Countering Climate Change, R. Lal, B.A. Stewart, D.O. Hansen and N. Uphoff INDEX

Food Security and Environmental Quality in the Developing World

Preface, R. Lal, D.O. Hansen, N. Uphoff and S. Slack Foreword, L. Brown FOOD DEMAND AND SUPPLY The Century of Hope, M.S. Swaminathan Natural Resources of India, R. Lal Food Security: Is India at Risk? D. Umali-Deininger and S. Shapouri Fertilizer Needs to Enhance Production: Challenges Facing India, A. Roy Economic Impacts of Agricultural Soil Degradation in Asia, S.J. Scherr Soil Degradation as a Threat to Food Security, R.P. Narwal, B.R. Singh, and R.S. Antil Importance of Biotechnology in Global Food Security, P. Jauhar and G.S. Khush Energy Inputs in Crop Production in Developing and Developed Countries, D. Pimentel, R. Doughty, C. Carothers, S. Lamberson, N. Bora, and K. Lee ENVIRONMENT QUALITY Environmental Conflict and Agricultural Intensification in India, G. Vasudeva Water Quality and Agricultural Chemicals, R. Kanwar Factors Influencing Environmental Degradation and Pollution in India, C. Edwards Agricultural Chemicals and the Environment, D. Pimentel Applying Grades and Standards of Reducing Pesticide Residues to Access Global Markets, K.V. Raman Reconciling Food Security and Environment Quality through Strategic Interventions for Poverty Reduction, A. Seth TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS Ensuring Food Security and Environment Stewardship in the 21st Century, S.K. DeDatta Water Harvesting and Management to Alleviate Drought Stress, G.W. Frasier Post Harvest Food Losses to Pests in India, D. Pimentel, K.V. Raman Storage and Processing of Agricultural Products, J.A. Narvhus Post Harvest Food Technology for Village Operations, P. Hansen Reconciling Animal Food Products with Security and Environment Quality, H.W. Ockerman and L. Basu Sustainable Agriculture on a Populous and Industrialized Landscape: Building Ecosystem Vitality and Productivity, R. Harwood Poverty and Inequality: A Life Chances Perspective, N. Uphoff POVERTY AND EQUITY Global Food Security, Environmental Sustainability and Poverty Alleviation: Complementary or Contradictory Goals? W.B. Lacy, L.R. Lacy, and D.O. Hansen Poverty and Inequality: A Life Chances Perspective, N. Uphoff Microfinance, Poverty Alleviation and Improving Food Security: Implications for India, R.L. Meyer Poverty and Gender in Indian Food Security: Assessing Measures of Inequity, P. Robbins POLICY ISSUES Priorities for Policy Reform in Indian Agriculture, P. Hazell The Role of Public Sector in Achieving Food Security, G.E. Schuh Global Food Supply and Demand Projections and Implications for Indian Agricultural Policy, L. Tweeten Context, Concepts and Policy on Poverty and Inequality, F.J. Hitzhusen Sustainable Development: Some Economic Considerations, A. Randall ISSUES AND PRIORITIES Reconciling Food Security with Environment Quality in the 21st Century, N. Uphoff, R. Lal, D. Hansen, and S. Slack

Climate Change and Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration in Central Asia

This book brings together current knowledge of terrestrial C sequestration in Central Asia. The themes treated include: biophysical environments, water resources, sustainable agriculture, soil degradation, the effects of irrigation schemes on secondary salinization, soil management and its relationship to carbon dynamics; the relationship between forest management and carbon dynamics, economic analyses of land use practices, important methodological issues arising from the use of GIS, remote sensing, carbon budgeting and scaling, and a review of the knowledge gaps in carbon and climate change. The book is a reference source for soil, water, vegetation, climate, land use and management in the region. The book will be of interest to a wide variety of environmental scientists, economists and those interested in policy issues for the sustainable management of natural resources.

Sustainable intensification to advance food security and enhance climate resilience in Africa.

Africa is endowed with diverse eco-regions, climates, soils, landscapes and water resources. There were three regions of crop domestication in Africa. In addition to the Fertile Crescent in Mesopotamia, crop domestication also occurred in West Africa for yam and cassava, and in the Horn of Africa for teff, coffee, and the cucumber tree. With a land area of 30.2 million km and population approaching one billion, Africa has a vast potential for agricultural and economic development. Africa’s population has been increasing rapidly since the beginning of the twentieth century. The population (million) was 120 in 1900, 221 in 1950, 796 in 2000, 867 in 2010, and is projected to be 1,081 in 2020, 1,804 in 2050 and 2,255 in 2100. Thus, food security has been a major concern since 1970s, and the Green Revolution by-passed the resource-poor and small landholders of the continent. There were 240 million food-insecure people in Africa (approximately 1 in 4) in 2012, 223 million in Sub-Sarahan Africa (SSA) in 2013, and the number is projected to increase by an additional 17 million (+6 %) by 2020. The problem is likely to be exacerbated by the changing and uncertain climate, because SSA is a vulnerable region, subject to the vagaries of projected climate change. Some project that as much as 65 % of the global total increase in climate-related hunger would occur in SSA. Climate change vulnerability in SSA is exacerbated by severe soil degradation, depletion of soil organic matter (SOM) and the negative soil nutrient balance of N, P, K at 40–50 kg/ha/year on continental scale. Soil degradation is the result of many factors, including wide spread use of extractive farming practices, poor structural stability and high erosion potential associated with harsh climates. Soils are highly prone to accelerated erosion by water and wind, crusting and hard setting, acidification and salinization. The rate of fertilizer input is low (~8 kg/ha) and less than 5 % of the potentially irrigable land is equipped for irrigation. Thus drought is a perpetual problem in SSA. A large yield gap exists between attainable and national average yield of most crops grown in the region. Recommended management practices (RMPs) for soils include conservation tillage, mulch R. Lal (*) Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, Ohio State University OARDC, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA e-mail: lal.1@osu.edu

Research and Development Priorities

Through presentations and deliberations, the conference arrived at major research and development priorities according to the four themes discussed: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, social sustainability and institutional sustainability. Numerous reasons for the stagnation or even decline in agricultural production in Sub-Saharan Africa since 1960s were discussed, and the need for a continuous dialogue between the policymakers and scientific community was highlighted. The conference also highlighted some important technical approaches to increasing agricultural sustainability including integrated nutrient management, microdosing techniques and the use of slow release fertilizers. Adaptation and mitigation of clime change, and strengthening of human resources are among the priority considerations.

Climate Change and Multi-Dimensional Sustainability in African Agriculture

Lively debate has occurred among environmentalists over the past three decades about whether economic systems can be treated as independent of environmental systems. The mainstream economic view is that man-made inputs and natural resources are highly substitutable through technological innovation, and therefore economic analysis can proceed without reference to environmental stocks and flows. This assumption is increasingly untenable as climate change brings major changes in global and local economies. To meaningfully analyze the sustainability of economic systems, many analysts now use research frameworks that are conceptually rigorous with regard to both economic and natural systems. Understanding the nature and complexity of capital (assets) is an important step in analyzing economic sustainability. Emerging notions of capital toward the end of the 20th century included natural capital. A growing number of environmental analysts are attempting to incorporate these expanded notions of capital into theory and practice. Using the concept of natural capital, it is possible to analyze the sustainability of human and natural systems and to assess the impact of economic activity, including agriculture, on future generations as compared to the present generation. This chapter presents an overview of research approaches that attempt to incorporate both economic and environmental systems for the study of sustainability with a focus on relevance of these methods for the study of African agriculture. D. Kraybill (&) The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA e-mail: kraybill@iagri.org D. Kraybill Innovative Agricultural Research Initiative, Morogoro, Tanzania

Forgotten Facts: Research and Development Priorities

Some high priority issues for research and development, and those which were not discussed included the followings: (1) Realizing the difference between climate and weather so that the confusion in short-term changes rather than the long-term trends can be minimized, and any opportunities emerging from changing climate are harnessed, (2) Evaluating water resources in terms of green vis-a-vis blue and grey water with the objective to enhancing the green water supply by conservation of blue water in the root zone and recycling of the grey water, along with the judicious use of virtual water through international trade, (3) Understanding sequestration of carbon in soils as secondary carbonates along with that as humus in the soil and the biomass-C in trees and other biota, (4) Assessing additional requirements of water and nutrients (N, P, S) for plantation and trees, and conversion of biomass-C(with low N, P, S) into humus, (5) Alleviating constraints(biophysical and socioeconomic) to adoption of recommended management practices by smallholder and resource-poor farmers, (6) Differentiating between genuine investments by overseas companies and the land grabs, (7) Developing nutrition-sensitive agriculture on the basis of the principle that healthy soils are essential to healthy plants, animals and people, (8) Making payments to farmers for provisioning of numerous ecosystem services for promoting adoption of best management practices, and creating another income stream towards alleviating poverty, (9) Addressing gender and other issues which affect agronomic productivity and wellbeing of under-privileged and minorities, and (10) Realizing the importance of interconnectivity and the nexus-approach to harness the benefits of a holistic approach to sustainable management of natural resources and for realizing the goals to sustainable intensification for advancing food security and developing climate-resilient agro ecosystems.