David Robin

An x-ray photoemission electron microscope using an electron mirror aberration corrector for the study of complex materials

A new ultrahigh-resolution photoemission electron microscope called PEEM3 is being developed at the advanced light source (ALS). An electron mirror combined with a sophisticated magnetic beam separator is used to provide simultaneous correction of spherical and chromatic aberrations. Installed on an elliptically polarized undulator beamline, PEEM3 will be operated with very high spatial resolution and high flux to study the composition, structure, electric and magnetic properties of complex materials.

Correction and alignment strategies for the beam separator of the photoemission electron microscope 3 (PEEM3)

A high-resolution aberration-corrected photoemission electron microscope (PEEM3) will be installed on an undulator beamline at the Advanced Light Source at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The aim of this instrument is to provide a substantial flux and resolution improvement by employing an electron mirror for correcting both the third-order spherical aberration and the primary chromatic aberration. In order to utilize this concept of correction, a beam separator is a prerequisite. Crucial to achieving a resolution of 5nm for the high-resolution mode, and a 16-fold increase in throughput at the same resolution as its predecessor, PEEM2, specified as 20nm at 2% transmission, for the high flux mode is the double-symmetric design of the beam separator, which eliminates all the second-order geometric aberrations. Nonetheless, substantial tuning capabilities must be incorporated into the PEEM3 design to compensate for both systematic and random errors. In this article, we investigate how to correct f...

Automated beam based alignment of the ALS quadrupoles

Knowing the electrical offset of the storage ring beam position monitors (BPM) to an adjacent quadrupole magnetic center is important in order to correct the orbit in the ring. We describe a simple, fast and reliable technique to measure the BPM electrical centers relative to the quadrupole magnetic centers. By varying individual quadrupole magnets and observing the effects on the orbit we were able to measure the BPM offsets in half the horizontal and vertical BPMs (48) in the ALS. These offsets were measured to an accuracy of better than 50 /spl mu/m. The technique is completely automated and takes less than 3 hours for the whole ring.

Conceptual Design of a 260 mm Bore 5 T Superconducting Curved Dipole Magnet for a Carbon Beam Therapy Gantry

A conceptual design of curved superconducting magnet for a carbon therapy gantry has been proposed. The design can reduce the gantrys size and weight and make it more comparable with gantries used for proton therapy. In this paper we report on a combined function, 5 T, superconducting dipole magnet with a 260 mm bore diameter that is curved 90 degrees at a radius of 1269 mm. The magnet superimposes two layers of oppositely wound and skewed solenoids like windings, energized in a way that nulls the solenoid field and doubles the dipole field component. Furthermore, the combined architecture of the windings can create a selection of field terms that are off the near-pure dipole field. Combined harmonics such as a quadrupole and sextupole are needed to adjust the beam trajectory. Ways to adjust the field and beam trajectory, magnet size and assembly, structure and pre-stress are considered.

Modeling the acceleration field and objective lens for an aberration corrected photoemission electron microscope

The modeling of the optical properties of the acceleration field and objective lens of a photoemission electron microscope (PEEM) is presented. Theory to calculate the aberrations of the extraction field was derived, and extended to include relativistic effects. An analysis of the microscope’s electron optical performance and aberrations has been performed using an analytical model as well as a ray tracing method. Ray tracing has the flexibility needed for the assessment of aberrations where the geometry is too complex for analytical methods. This work shows that in the case of a simple PEEM front end of the acceleration gap and objective lens, the all orders ray tracing and full analytical treatments agree to very high precision. This allows us now to use the ray tracing method in situations where analytical methods are difficult, such as an aberration compensating electron mirror.

Design Studies for a VUV–Soft X-ray Free-Electron Laser Array

Several recent reports have identified the scientific requirements for a future soft X-ray light source [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], and a high-repetition-rate free-electron laser (FEL) facility responsive to them is being studied at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) [6]. The facility is based on a continuous-wave (CW) superconducting linear accelerator with beam supplied by a high-brightness, high-repetition-rate photocathode electron gun operating in CW mode, and on an array of FELs to which the accelerated beam is distributed, each operating at high repetition rate and with even pulse spacing. Dependent on the experimental requirements, the individual FELs may be configured for either self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), seeded high-gain harmonic generation (HGHG), echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG), or oscillator mode of operation, and will produce high peak and average brightness X-rays with a flexible pulse format ranging from sub-femtoseconds to hundreds of femtoseconds. This new light source would serve a broad community of scientists in many areas of research, similar to existing utilization of storage ring based light sources.

Accelerator physics challenges of the fs-slicing upgrade at the ALS

The goal of the Femtoslicing project at the ALS is to provide 100-200 fs long pulses of soft and hard x-rays with moderate flux and with a repetition rate of 10-40 kHz for experiments concerning ultrafast dynamics in solid state physics, chemistry and biology. The femtoslicing principle employs a femtosecond laser beam to interact resonantly (inverse FEL interaction) with the electron beam in the ALS. The induced energy spread over the femtosecond duration is converted to a transverse displacement by exploiting the dispersion of the storage ring. The displaced femtosecond electron pulse then radiates and produces femtosecond synchrotron radiation. To achieve the necessary spatial separation of the energy modulated slice from the rest of the bunch, a sizeable local vertical dispersion bump in the undulator used as radiator is required. This presents challenges in terms of the nonlinear dynamics and control of the vertical emittance.

Symplectic models for general insertion devices

A variety of insertion devices (IDs), wigglers and undulators, linearly or elliptically polarized, are widely used as high brightness radiation sources at the modern light source rings. Long and high-field wigglers have also been proposed as the main source of radiation damping at next generation damping rings. As a result, it becomes increasingly important to understand the impact of IDs on the charged particle dynamics in the storage ring. In this paper, we report our recent development of a general explicit symplectic model for IDs with the paraxial ray approximation. High-order explicit symplectic integrators are developed to study real-world insertion devices with a number of wiggler harmonics and arbitrary polarizations.

Design Studies for a High-Repetition-Rate FEL Facility at LBNL

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is working to address the needs of the primary scientific Grand Challenges now being considered by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences: we are exploring scientific discovery opportunities, and new areas of science, to be unlocked with the use of advanced photon sources. A partnership of several divisions at LBNL is working to define the science and instruments needed in the future. To meet these needs, we propose a seeded, high-repetition-rate, free-electron laser (FEL) facility. Temporally and spatially coherent photon pulses, of controlled duration ranging from picosecond to sub-femtosecond, are within reach in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) to soft X-ray regime, and LBNL is developing critical accelerator physics and technologies toward this goal. We envision a facility with an array of FELs, each independently configurable and tunable, providing a range of photon-beam properties with high average and peak flux and brightness.

Progress on PEEM3 — An Aberration Corrected X‐Ray Photoemission Electron Microscope at the ALS

A new ultrahigh‐resolution photoemission electron microscope called PEEM3 is being developed and built at the Advanced Light Source (ALS). An electron mirror combined with a much‐simplified magnetic dipole separator is to be used to provide simultaneous correction of spherical and chromatic aberrations. It is installed on an elliptically polarized undulator (EPU) beamline, and will be operated with very high spatial resolution and high flux to study the composition, structure, electric and magnetic properties of complex materials. The instrument has been designed and is described. The instrumental hardware is being deployed in 2 phases. The first phase is the deployment of a standard PEEM type microscope consisting of the standard linear array of electrostatic electron lenses. The second phase will be the installation of the aberration corrected upgrade to improve resolution and throughput. This paper describes progress as the instrument enters the commissioning part of the first phase.