Delbert Miller

Decision-Making Cliques in Community Power Structures: A Comparative Study of an American and English City

This Study tests the working hypothesis that key influential leaders in a community influence policymaking by acting in concert through cliques. A comparative research design utilized a large city in the Pacific Northwest and a comparable city in southwestern England. Findings show evidence of group patterns but not a rigid clique structure with specific clique leaders. However, on certain issues a high degree of clique solidarity is evidenced. Greater fluidity is observed in English City, where there is no single solidary elite and no hierarchical dominance based on one institutional sector.

Industry and Community Power Structure: A Comparative Study of an American and an English City

Whatever the reasons for the apparent differences in the nature and extent of economic dominant involvement in local power structures-and the delineation of these reasons should certainly be one objective of future research-the Cibola study appears to document the absence of any neat, constant, and direct relationship between power as a potential for determinative action, and power as determinative action, itself. It suggests, likewise, the need to re-examine the role of economic dominance in community power structures in view of the continued drift of American society, on the one hand, toward the concentration of population in suburban and satellite communities, and, on the other, toward the continuing expansion of huge economic bureaucracies.

Town and Gown: The Power Structure of a University Town

The power structure of a university town studied by reputational and issue history techniques shows that business and governmental institutions and associations dominate education as the most influential agencies in resolving community issues. However, the university is the largest employer and contains a very highly educated leadership reserve. The university is well represented in community affairs by its university officials, but the faculty are underrepresented. Faculty are more commonly engaged in state, national, and international leadership roles than in local participation. An accomodation has been worked out in which the university provides educational service and athletic and cultural entertainment, while the town furnishes economic goods and political leadership.

Handbook of Research Design and Social Measurement

Preface Acknowledgements PART 1.UNDERSTANDING BASIC, APPLIED, AND EVALUATION RESEARCH 1.1 Defining the Characteristics of Basic, Applied, and Evaluation Research 1.2 The Orientation and Commitment of The Basic Researcher 1.3 The Orientation and Commitment of the Applied Researcher 1.4 The Orientation And Commitment Of The Evaluation Researcher 1.5 General Readings on Basic, Applied and Evaluation Research PART 2: BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN 2.1 Basic Guide For The Design Of A Social Research Proposal 2.2 Formulating A Research Problem 2.3 Evaluating Research Studies 2.4 Elements of Research Design 2.5 Choosing a Research Design 2.6 How Science Is Built Importance of Conceptual Definition and Theory Formulation - G. J. DiRenzo Assumptions Underlying the Application of the Scientific Method - G. Sjoberg, & R. Nett Dilemmas of the Researcher and the Distinctiveness of Behavioral Science - A. Kaplan 2.7 The Impact Of Sociological Theory On Empirical Research Empirical Generalizations in Sociology - R. K. Merton 2.8 Bridging The Gap Between The Languages Of Theory And Research Causal Inferences in Non-Experimental Research - H. M. Blalock, Jr. 2.9 Criteria for Judging the Usefulness of an Hypotheses Methods in Social Research - W. J. Goode, & P. K. Hatt 2.10 Science: Simultaneously Observational, Experimental, and Historical Science: Observational, Experimental, Historical - R. Siever 2.11 Guides for Design, Model Building, and Large-Scale Research Some Observations on Study Design - S. A. Stouffer 2.12 The Role Of Models In Research Design 2.13 General Considerations Of Research Design 2.14 Factors Jeopardizing Internal And External Validity Of Research Designs Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research - D. T. Campbell, & J. C. Stanley 2.15 Sampling 2.16 A Selected Bibliography On Basic Research and Research Design Part 3. APPLIED AND EVALUATION RESEARCH 3.1 A Rationale for Applied Sociology as it Relates to Policy-Making 3.2 Applied Research Design 3.3 Fitting An Applied Research Design To A Problem 3.4 The Mood Of The Academic Researcher Engaged In Applied Research 3.5 The Application of Successful Applied Research through Policy Analysis Policy Analysis - R. Haskins 3.6 Bibliography On Applied Sociology, Knowledge Utilization, And Policy-Making 3.7 Evaluation Research As A Process 3.8 Ethical Practices in Research PART 4. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH - J. Cresswell, & R. C. Maiette 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Systematic Inquiry Approaches 4.3 A Conceptual Overview of Five Inquiry Approaches 4.4 Narrative Research 4.5 Phenomenology 4.6 Grounded Theory Research 4.7 An Ethnography 4.8 The Case Study 4.9 Qualitative Data Analysis Software 4.10 Conclusion 4.11 References 4.12 Qualitative Research Methodology: A New Perspective The New Frontier in Qualitative Research Methodology - E. W. Eisner 4.13 Further Resources for Qualitative Researchers PART V GUIDES TO METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF COLLECTING DATA IN LIBRARY, FIELD, AND LABORATORY SETTINGS: SOCIAL SCIENCE DATA LIBRARIES AND RESEARCH CENTERS 5.1 Outline Guide To Situses, Principal Methods, And Techniques Of The Social Science Researcher 5.2 A Review of Print and Online Social Science Research Resources 5.3 United States Bureau of the Census and other Federal Sources of Information 5.4 FedStats 5.5 Data Mining through Federal Resources 5.6 General Databases of Bibliographic Material 5.7 Using Search Engines 5.8 Microfiche as an Archival Medium 5.9 Online Computer Library Center 5.10 Documentary Resources Available In The Library 5.11 Guides For Selection And Construction Of Questionnaires 5.12 Techniques For Increasing Response Rates 5.13 Guides For Selection And Use Of Personal Interviews As Utilized In Field Research 5.14 Description of And Instructions For Preparation Of A Telephone Interview Survey 5.15 A Comparison Of Telephone Surveys With Personal Interviews 5.16 Choosing Among The Mail Questionnaire, Personal Interview, And Telephone Survey 5.17 The Panel Technique As A Research Instrument 5.18 Guides For The Selection And Construction Of Social Scales And Indices 5.19 Guide To Databases Of Collected Data For The Social Science Researcher 5.20 Social Science Data Archives in the United States 5.21 Directories Of Social Research Centers 5.22 Important Research Associations And Institutes Affiliated With The International Sociological Association 5.23 A Bibliography Of Methods Guides 5.24 A Comment on the Internet PART 6 GUIDE TO STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE DATA 6.1 Questioning Science The Impertinent Questioner:The Scientists Guide to the Statisticians Mind - W. Lurie 6.2 Four Levels Of Measurement And The Statistics Appropriate To Each Level 6.3 The Meaning and Use of Statistical Significance The Concept of Statistical Significance Testing - B. Thompson 6.4 Summary Of Common Measures Of Association and Group Differences 6.5 An Overview of Measures of Association 6.6 An Overview of Tests of the Difference Between Means 6.7 Causation And Multivariate Analysis: From Univariate And Bivariate Problems to Multivariate Analysis of Social Behavior 6.8 An Overview of Other Statistical Techniques and Examples of Their Application 6.9 Using The Computer In Social Science Research 6.10 Software Applications for the Computer 6.11 A Guide To Computer Periodicals And Other Publications 6.12 A Bibliography Of Statistical Methods 6.13 Contents Of Sociological Methodology 1994 Through 2000 PART 7 ASSESSING SOCIAL VARIABLES: SCALES AND INDEXES 7.1 General Assessment Sources 7.2 Scales Assessing Social Status 7.3 Scales Assessing Group Structure and Dynamics 7.4 Social Indicators 7.5 National Economic Indicators 7.6 Measures of Organizational Structure 7.7 Community 7.8 Social Participation 7.9 Leadership in the Work Organization 7.10 Morale and Job Satisfaction 7.11 Scales of Attitudes, Values, and Norms 7.12 Family and Marriage 7.13 Personality Measurements 7.14 Citations, Focus, and Purpose of Studies Reported in the Past Five Years in the American Journal of Sociology, The American Sociological Review, and Social Psychology Quarterly 7.15 Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes 7.16 The Buros Institute and the Buros Mental Measurements Yearbook 7.17 How Researchers Create Their Own Scales: An Activity of Last Resort PART 8 RESEARCH PROPOSAL, FUNDING, BUDGETING, REPORTING, AND CAREER PLANNING 8.1 The Research Grant Proposal 8.2 Research Funding 8.3 Major Sources of Funding Information 8.4 Common Reasons for Rejection of Grant Proposals 8.5 Further Readings on Grantsmanship and Proposal Writing Grantsmanship 8.6 The National Science Foundation (NSF) 8.7 National Institutes of Health (NIH) 8.8 Department of Health and Human Services 8.9 National Institute of Justice 8.10 Federal Government Agencies and Private Organizations Offering Fellowships and Grants 8.11 Sources of Information for Other Fellowships and Grant Opportunities 8.12 Estimating Research Costs 8.13 Research Reporting 8.14 A Guide to Publications 8.15 Where Prestigious Sociologists Publish and Why 8.16 Getting Published 8.17 Professional Memberships and Organizations 8.18 Planning for a Career in the Social Sciences Index About the Editors

The Servants of Power: A History of the Use of Social Science in American Industry.@@@The Research Revolution.

A method and apparatus for applying a label to the bottom of a product, the label having a universal product code thereon. The apparatus includes a first labeling assembly, a first scanning assembly, a second labeling assembly, a second scanning assembly and means for feeding a product past these assemblies along a feeding path. The first scanning assembly detects whether or not the first labeling assembly has applied a label to the bottom of the product and if none was applied then activates the second labeling assembly to apply a label and if the second scanning assembly determines that no label has yet been applied to the product, that product is diverted from the feeding path. Additionally, a character recognition assembly is provided to determine if the correct label has been applied to the product and to divert a mislabeled product from the feeding path. The method includes feeding the product past a first labeling station, scanning the product to determine if a label has been applied, feeding the product past a second labeling station, scanning the product a second time and diverting the product from the feeding path if the product has no label applied thereto. Additionally, the method includes the step of detecting whether the correct label has been applied to the bottom of the product to divert a mislabeled product.

Die soziale Schichtung im Betrieb

„Der Aufsichtsrat mochte gerne wissen, was die Betriebsleitung vorhat . . .“ „Sagen Sie den Aufsichtspersonen, das sie auf das Arbeitstempo achten . . .“ „Wenn alles gut geht, werde ich in zehn Jahren 8000 Dollar verdienen . ..“ „Was wollen ‚die da oben‘ eigentlich, etwa unser Blut?“ „Entweder 931/4 Cents die Stunde oder wir streiken!“ „Dieser neue Organisationsplan kann uns unsere Stelle kosten.“ „Mit meiner Arbeit ist’s aus, eine Maschine kann es besser und billiger.“ „Ich konnte den Leistungsbewerter ins Gesicht schlagen, wenn der Kerl behauptet, ich konne 300 Einheiten mehr herstellen.“ „Sein Zeugnis zeigt eine Leistungsrate von nur 641/2 Prozent.“ „Wir mussen die Produktionskosten senken!“ „Wenn ich eine Gehaltserhohung bekomme, kaufe ich mir einen neuen Buick.“ „Ich spare meine ganze Lohnerhohung; man mus ja mit Unvorhergesehenem rechnen.“ „Es ist doch traurig, wie tief ein Mensch fur ein paar lumpige Dollar sinkt.“ „Mein Bonus hangt davon ab, wie sich der neue Organisationsplan bewahrt.“ „Findest Du nicht auch, das Jim ein wenig stolz geworden ist, seit er die Gehaltserhohung erhielt und nun Werkmeister ist?“

Arbeitsstellungen und Arbeitsrollen in der Leitung von Unternehmung und Betrieb

Wir haben gesehen, das menschliche Faktoren das Funktionieren der formellen Organisation der Unternehmensleitung beeinflussen und das es zu unvorhergesehenen Spaltungen innerhalb der Leitungsorganisation kommt. Weit davon entfernt, ein gut integrierter Organismus zu sein, neigt der Industriebetrieb dazu, in eine Anzahl von Teilen oder Gruppierungen quasi-unabhangiger Natur zu zerfallen. Der Prozes, durch den eine grosere Organisation in kleinere Teile aufgeteilt wird, bezeichnen wir als Spaltung. Die Krafte, welche die Spaltung begunstigen, entstehen aus der Art der Organisation und aus den Motiven ihrer Trager; das gilt auch von den integrierenden Kraften. Wie in jeder anderen menschlichen Organisation besteht im Industriebetrieb ein Gleichgewicht der Krafte, das zur gleichen Zeit Arbeitsgruppen vereinigt und trennt. Die Prozesse der Integration und der Spaltung sind weder „gut“ noch „schlecht“. Es sind vielmehr naturliche Ablaufe, die zur Erreichung eines bestimmten Zieles verwendet werden konnen. Es ist Aufgabe der Verwaltung, diese Prozesse zu erkennen und im Gleichgewicht zu halten.

Die informelle Organisation der Arbeitnehmer

Viele amerikanische Unternehmer machen sich ein recht unzulangliches Bild von der Welt der Arbeit. Ziel ihres Lebens ist der „Erfolg“, d. h. die Steigerung der Produktion und des Gewinns. Abgesehen von der personlichen Fahigkeit, fuhren die Wege zu diesem Erfolg uber verbesserte Technik, geschultes Personal und gute Organisation. Wenn sich der Erfolg nicht einstellt, fehlt einer dieser Faktoren. Das Rezept ist in jedem Falle einfach und eindeutig: neue Maschinen, besser ausgebildetes Personal und eine grundliche Reorganisation.

Die Arbeit in der industriellen Gesellschaft

Um den Arbeitsablauf einer Maschine zu verstehen, mus man ihre einzelnen Teile und deren Funktionen kennen. Ahnlich ist es mit der sozialen Organisation der Arbeit; auch hier mus man wissen, wie sich jeder einzelne Teil in die grosere Struktur einfugt. Untersucht man viele verschiedene Betriebe, so fallt die Vielzahl und die Ungleichartigkeit der in ihnen ablaufenden Prozesse auf. Welche Faktoren mussen nun untersucht werden, um die Struktur der Arbeitsorganisation in der westlichen Gesellschaft zu erkennen? Drei Fragen wurden mehr oder weniger willkurlich zur Betrachtung ausgewahlt, namlich 1. das Wesen der Arbeit, 2. die Verteilung der Arbeiter nach Berufen und Wirtschaftszweigen und 3. die Art der Umgebung, in der Menschen arbeiten.

Das Problem der Arbeitsplatzzuweisung

Jede Arbeitsplatzzuweisung ist eine soziale Einstufung, und zwar deshalb, weil der arbeitende Mensch seinen Platz innerhalb einer Arbeitsgruppe einnehmen mus. Will er eine hohe Leistung und grose personliche Befriedigung erzielen, mus er in der Lage sein, die Arbeit gut zu verrichten und sich einer Arbeitsgruppe anzupassen oder von ihr auf genommen zu werden. Es ist kein Zufall, das man das gute Gelingen der Arbeitseinstufung eines anderen dadurch zu messen sucht, das man ihn fragt: „Arbeiten Sie gerne dort?“ Die von ihrer sozialen Bedeutung losgeloste Arbeit wird sinnlos. Aus diesem Grunde ist es angebrachter, statt von „Arbeit“ vom „Arbeitsplatz“ oder der „Arbeitsstellung“ zu sprechen. Nur so wird es moglich, auch terminologisch beide Seiten der Arbeit hervorzukehren.