Denis Ricque-Marie

Assessment of differently processed feed pea (Pisum sativum) meals and canola meal (Brassica sp.) in diets for blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris)

Abstract The nutritional value of whole, dehulled, extruded, dehulled–extruded and micronized feed peas, and extruded canola meal, included at a 30% concentration as ingredients in diets for juvenile blue shrimp was assessed. Pea meals replaced a portion of soybean meal and wheat (1:3 parts) on an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic basis, and similarly extruded canola meal replaced a portion of soybean meal, fish meal and wheat (1:2:3 parts) of a control diet. After 28 days, the shrimp almost tripled their weight on the experimental diets. Performance was unaffected by dehulling, except for a slight increase in feed consumption and lower protein efficiency ratio (PER). Extrusion cooking had no effect on growth and survival but significantly improved feed conversion and PER. The micronized pea diet produced the highest feed intake and growth rate. Response to the diet containing extruded canola meal was similar to that of the control diet. Ingredient apparent dry matter digestibility (IADMD) ranged from 80.7% for micronized peas to 92.4% for dehulled–extruded peas, and was 79.4% for extruded canola meal. Higher IADMD coefficients were obtained for extruded pea meals as a result of starch gelatinization. Ingredient apparent protein digestibility (IAPD) ranged from 79.1% to 85.4% and did not differ significantly amongst the test meals. The test ingredients also conferred differential water stability properties with the whole-extruded peas ingredient containing diet having the lowest dry matter and crude protein (CP) loss following a 1-h immersion in water. This study showed that whole raw feed pea is a very acceptable ingredient for blue shrimp diets; extrusion cooking improved feed conversion ratio and PER, and micronizing peas enhanced feed intake, while dehulling had no effect.

Chemical composition of cultivated seaweed Ulva clathrata (Roth) C. Agardh

Samples of cultivated Ulva clathrata were collected from a medium scale system (MSS, 1.5×1.5m tank), or from a large scale system (LSS, 0.8ha earthen pond). MSS samples were dried directly while the LSS sample was washed in freshwater and pressed before drying. Crude protein content ranged 20-26%, essential amino acids accounting for 32-36% of crude protein. The main analysed monosaccharides were rhamnose (36-40%), uronic acids (27-29%), xylose (10-13%) and glucose (10-16%). Some notable variations between MSS and LSS samples were observed for total dietary fibre (26% vs 41%), saturated fatty acids (31% vs 51%), PUFAS (33% vs 13%), carotenoids (358 vs 169mgkg-1dw) and for Ca (9 vs 19gkg-1), Fe (0.6 vs 4.2gkg-1), Cu (44 vs 14mgkg-1), Zn (93 vs 17mgkg-1) and As (2 vs 9mgkg-1). The chemical composition of U. clathrata indicates that it has a good potential for its use in human and animal food.

Effect of different carbohydrate sources on the growth of Penaeus vannamei: economical impact

Abstract Flours from corn, sorghum, pearl millet, rice, and meals from pasta and cookie by-products were tested as dietary ingredients for juveniles of Penaeus vannamei (0.7 g average weight). These ingredients replaced wheat meal used in the control diet as the main carbohydrate source. Significant differences ( P

In vitro characterization of the antiviral activity of fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus against Newcastle Disease Virus

BackgroundNewcastle Disease Virus (NDV) causes a serious infectious disease in birds that results in severe losses in the worldwide poultry industry. Despite vaccination, NDV outbreaks have increased the necessity of alternative prevention and control measures. Several recent studies focused on antiviral compounds obtained from natural resources. Many extracts from marine organisms have been isolated and tested for pharmacological purposes, and their antiviral activity has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide present in the cell wall matrix of brown algae that has been demonstrated to inhibit certain enveloped viruses with low toxicity. This study evaluated the potential antiviral activity and the mechanism of action of fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus against NDV in the Vero cell line.MethodsThe cytotoxicity of fucoidan was determined by the MTT assay. To study its antiviral activity, fusion and plaque-forming unit (PFU) inhibition assays were conducted. The mechanism of action was determined by time of addition, fusion inhibition, and penetration assays. The NDV vaccine strain (La Sota) was used in the fusion inhibition assays. PFU and Western blot experiments were performed using a wild-type lentogenic NDV strain.ResultsFucoidan exhibited antiviral activity against NDV La Sota, with an obtained IS50 >2000. In time of addition studies, we observed viral inhibition in the early stages of infection (0–60 min post-infection). The inhibition of viral penetration experiments with a wild-type NDV strain supported this result, as these experiments demonstrated a 48% decrease in viral infection as well as reduced HN protein expression. Ribavirin, which was used as an antiviral control, exhibited lower antiviral activity than fucoidan and high toxicity at active doses. In the fusion assays, the number of syncytia was significantly reduced (70% inhibition) when fucoidan was added before cleavage of the fusion protein, perhaps indicating a specific interaction between fucoidan and the F0 protein.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that fucoidan from C. okamuranus represents a potential low-toxicity antiviral compound for the poultry industry, and our findings provide a better understanding of the mode of action of sulfated polysaccharides.

Evaluation of two shrimp by-product meals as protein sources in diets for Penaeus vannamei

Abstract Shrimp by-product meals from the Mexican Gulf coast (heads and hulls) (GM) and from the Pacific coast (heads) (PM) were prepared and evaluated as protein sources for juveniles of Penaeus vannamei (0.209 g average weight, 0.012 s.d.). Fish meal and soybean meal in the control diet were replaced by the shrimp by-product meals to obtain isoproteic and isolipidic diets. The shrimp by-product meals were included at dietary levels of 3, 6 and 18%. Each diet (control, PM3, GM3, PM6. GM6, PM18, GM18) was tested in three replicate groups of 15 shrimp during a 28-day ad libitum feeding study. Survival rates ranged from 96 to 98%, and growth rates of shrimp fed the diets were about 360% for the control and 3% level diets, 500% for the GM6 and PM6 diets, 590% for diet GM18 and 730% for diet PM18. A highly significant correlation between the final weights and shrimp by-products meal dietary levels ( P P

Raw material freshness, a quality criterion for fish meal fed to shrimp

Abstract Raw material freshness is an important criterion of fish-meal quality for salmonids and also for swine and broiler starter feeds, but needs to be assessed for shrimp. Three batches of anchovy meal were produced in a commercial low-temperature processing plant in Chile, from a unique source of raw fish, either fresh (FR, 12 h post capture), moderately fresh (MF, 25 h post capture) or stale (ST, 36 h post capture). Freshness was assessed through the total volatile nitrogen content in fish before process (TVN 14, 30 and 50 mg N/100 g, respectively), and biogenic amines in fish meal (histamine 28, 1850 and 4701 mg/kg, respectively, and also with increasing content of cadaverine, putrescine and tyramine). Samples of the three fish meals were incorporated at levels of 30% or 40% into isoenergetic diets fed ad libitum to shrimp during various feeding trials. Feeding trials were conducted in Monterrey, Mexico, on Penaeus vannamei early juveniles (0.9 and 1.5 g initial weight) held in a synthetic seawater recirculating system, and in Tahiti on P. vannamei (7.6 g), P. monodon (2.5 g) and P. stylirostris (8.4 g) in a natural seawater flow-through system. Small P. vannamei (0.9 g) expressed significantly higher feed consumption (P=0.028) and percent weight gain (P=0.048) when fed the fresh raw material fish meal: growth increased by 25% compared with the moderately fresh and stale raw material treatments, but no significant differences were detected in feed conversion, nor survival. Larger P. vannamei (1.5 and 7.6 g) did not show any significant response. P. monodon had a tendency to better growth with the FR treatment (non significant, P=0.109). Finally, P. stylirostris late juveniles (8.4 g) fed the FR feed showed a highly significant increase in weight gain (P=0.007), but also a poorer feed conversion (P=0.004). A global interpretation of this set of results could be that susceptibility to raw-material spoilage would be higher in species with carnivorous tendencies (like P. stylirostris, known for its higher protein requirement), and also in young stages of less carnivorous species (as in the case of 0.9 g P. vannamei). However, raw material freshness, as indicated by TVN levels in raw material (less than 30 mg N/100 g) or by the sum of amine contents in the final product (less than 2000 mg/kg), is a quality parameter that should be considered when selecting fish meal for shrimp diets, particularly for very young juveniles and carnivorous species.

Sulphated Polysaccharides from Ulva clathrata and Cladosiphon okamuranus Seaweeds both Inhibit Viral Attachment/Entry and Cell-Cell Fusion, in NDV Infection

Sulphated polysaccharides (SP) extracted from seaweeds have antiviral properties and are much less cytotoxic than conventional drugs, but little is known about their mode of action. Combination antiviral chemotherapy may offer advantages over single agent therapy, increasing efficiency, potency and delaying the emergence of resistant virus. The paramyxoviridae family includes pathogens causing morbidity and mortality worldwide in humans and animals, such as the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) in poultry. This study aims at determining the antiviral activity and mechanism of action in vitro of an ulvan (SP from the green seaweed Ulva clathrata), and of its mixture with a fucoidan (SP from Cladosiphon okamuranus), against La Sota NDV strain. The ulvan antiviral activity was tested using syncytia formation, exhibiting an IC50 of 0.1 μg/mL; ulvan had a better anti cell-cell spread effect than that previously shown for fucoidan, and inhibited cell-cell fusion via a direct effect on the F0 protein, but did not show any virucidal effect. The mixture of ulvan and fucoidan showed a greater anti-spread effect than SPs alone, but ulvan antagonizes the effect of fucoidan on the viral attachment/entry. Both SPs may be promising antivirals against paramyxovirus infection but their mixture has no clear synergistic advantage.

Assessment of Nutrient Allocation and Metabolic Turnover Rate in Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Co-Fed Live Macroalgae Ulva clathrata and Inert Feed: Dual Stable Isotope Analysis

ABSTRACT The current study quantified the relative contribution of dietary carbon and nitrogen supplied by live biomass of the green macroalgae Ulva clathrata and a commercial inert feed to the growth of juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen (&dgr;13C and &dgr;15N) were analyzed in both food sources, whole bodies, and muscle tissue of shrimp reared on co-feeding regimes where 75%, 50%, and 25% of daily consumed macroalgal biomass was substituted by inert feed (regimes 75F/25U, 50F/50U, and 25F/75U, respectively). Higher growth rates were observed in shrimp fed regime 75F/ 25U (k = 0.062), followed by shrimp fed only inert feed (100F, k = 0.060). Animals reared only on U. clathrata (100U) showed minimal growth (k = 0.008) and very high metabolic turnover rates of carbon and nitrogen. Isotopic values measured in inert feed (&dgr;13C = -23.0‰, &dgr;15N = 9.1‰) and macroalgae (&dgr;13C = -13.1‰, &dgr;15N = -3.5‰) were highly contrasting and both had a rapid influence on the isotopic values of shrimp. Animals reached full isotopic equilibrium through growth and fast metabolic turnover in only 2 wk, except shrimp fed macroalgae only. At the end of the experiment, &dgr;13C and &dgr;15N values in shrimp reared on all cofeeding regimes were strongly biased toward the isotopic values of U. clathrata. Total dry matter contributions to growth were estimated using an isotope mixing model, and considered the elemental concentration of both nutritional sources. Results indicated that shrimp in the co-feeding regimes incorporated significantly higher amounts of dietary carbon and nitrogen from the macroalgal biomass. Shrimp in treatment 75F/25U incorporated 52% of carbon from the inert feed and 48% from the macroalgae. Animals under feeding regimes 50F/50U and 25F/75U incorporated higher amounts of dietary carbon from U. clathrata (65–89%) when compared with carbon proportions supplied by both co-feeding regimes (33-70%), and also incorporated the majority of nitrogen from the macroalgae. However, a high incorporation of nitrogen was not reflected in larger growth in the latter treatments because metabolic turnover rates were very high. Estimated turnover rates ranged from 0.049–0.191/day for carbon and from 0.013–0.100/day for nitrogen, and values followed an increasing trend as a function of macroalgae consumption. Nitrogen halftimes in tissue consistently decreased throughout the different treatments from 9.5 days (100F) to 6.4 days (100U). Proportions of incorporated nutrients in muscle tissue followed similar patterns as those observed in whole bodies.

Survival of agglomerated Saccharomyces cerevisiae in pelleted shrimp feeds

Abstract Bakers yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a potential supplement in shrimp feeds, but there are few data on yeast survival after feed manufacturing processes. Dry, active yeast cells, agglomerated in spheres of different sizes (100–200 and 800–1600 μm) were incorporated into feeds processed by a commercial pellet mill or in the laboratory using a meat grinder, in order to check their resistance to the process, storage, immersion in seawater, and their effect on the pellet stability in seawater. Total counts (cells seen alive by microscopy evaluation) and viable yeast counts (colony forming units on malt agar plates) were determined in feed samples at different stages of the process. Pelleting had no significant effect on total yeast counts but decreased the viable yeast numbers about 10-fold. The laboratory process was more destructive with a 105-fold decrease for both total and viable yeast counts. Immersing the feed pellets in seawater further reduced the yeast number but only by less than 10-fold. Fine yeast spheres ( 800 μm). Pellet stability in seawater was not affected by the inclusion of the yeast agglomerates.

Effect of dietary histamine supplementation on growth and tissue amine concentrations in blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris

Abstract Recent studies have shown that feeding diets supplemented with fish meal containing high levels of biogenic amines to shrimp reduced growth and feed consumption. An improvement in growth, however, has been found in shrimp fed a diet supplemented with histamine and cadaverine. The objective of the current experiment was to provide more information about the effect of dietary histamine on the growth of blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris and the impact on biogenic amine concentration in shrimp tissues. Six experimental diets were manufactured and supplemented with histamine at 0, 600, 1200, 2400, 3600 and 4800 mg kg −1 and tested in a feeding trial for 28 days. Histamine supplementation did not have any effect on feed consumption, feed conversion ratio or survival. Weight gain fitted a quadratic dose response curve ( P −1 of dietary histamine (weight gain being 8.8% higher than for the control), and lower growth at higher doses. Spermidine concentration in whole shrimp tissue increased linearly with dietary histamine supplementation. It was concluded that dietary histamine supplementation at the levels tested does not have any negative effect on shrimp performance. Moreover, an improvement in weight gain was observed when histamine was supplemented at moderate levels.