Denis Szabo

Science et crime

Science et crime , Science et crime , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)

Conducting Evaluative Research and Implementing Its Results: Dilemmas for Both Administrators and Researchers

The paper deals first with the theoretical problems of Evaluation. After giving the different definitions considered by the authors, it comes to the conclusion that evaluative research has several facets which concern its own objectives as well as its content or the functions it can fulfil. Therefore, different models are described. In a second part, the paper examines the practical problems of Evaluation. The lack of understanding between researchers and decision makers or practitioners is emphasized and the critical issues to be faced by them to solve this problem are then analysed. We have mentioned among the reasons underlying the lack of interrelationship: the willingness of administrators to resort to research and the ability of researchers to solve the problems inherent in evaluative research. On the other hand, the document examines some possible solutions mainly, in-house vs independent research, the strategies to establish fruitfull relationships before, during and after the research, etc. The t...

Problemes De Socialisation Et D'integration Socio-Culturelles: Contribution a L'etiologie De L'inceste

This is a sociological study based on 96 well-documented cases of incest from the files of the Département de la Seine between 1937 and 1954. Cases investigated were limited to those where very complete material was available, and to father-daughter incest, which is the most prevalent. It is accepted that statistics on discovered incest are highly unreliable, and that for every case that appears in court, there are probably many that are never discovered. The analysis of case material is divided in two parts: 1. Incestuous families are studied as a whole, their social characteristics and those of each member of the family involved, in an attempt to trace etiological factors. Beyond this, a study is made of the social and personal characteristics which pertain to those actually guilty of incest, which may partly explain the phenomenon. 2. The second part consists of case studies which permit us to see the effect of incest on family relations, and its appearance in different types of family. This enables us to distinguish individual from collective factors in the appearance of incest and in its duration. A comparison is made with other sociological studies. Statistical information is both full and detailed. The majority of the fathers (58) were between 36 and 45 years of age. Most were married, or in a common-law relationship, and were mainly in the working or lower classes. Sixty-nine of the men had no previous criminal conviction, and the group was generally non-criminal, though 54 were chronic or occasional alcoholics. Thirty-nine were described as authoritarian or withdrawn. Statistics indicate a much higher than normal incidence of instability. Only nine could be considered normal. With regard to sexuality, it seemed within normal range; a large proportion were sexually deprived at the time of incest. The mothers in the sample were generally somewhat younger; 32 were working outside the home with resultant lack of supervision. From the point of view of personality, 48 were described either as dominating or submissive, 35 as devoted mothers, 14 as of doubtful morality. A larger than normal number were passive and submissive. The attitude of the mother towards the children is described as good in 40, indifferent or poor in 43. With regard to the daughters, 54 were regarded as normal, 42 as abnormal or psychopathic personalities. Mental development showed that 27 were intellectually normal, 31 dull normal, and 38 handicapped. Turning to the family as a whole, it was noted that they were somewhat larger than average. With regard to housing, while the majority were lower class, only 24 families could be described as living either in slum or overcrowded conditions. Economically, the situation in the family ranged from 12 in easy circumstances, 38 in good, 32 in mediocre and 14 precarious. The factor of poverty was therefore not decisive. Concerning marital relations, they could be described as good in only 19 cases, fair in 18, and bad to very bad in 49. Attitude of parents towards the children was 71 indifferent or poor, and 25 good. The majority of the daughters reported violence or threats on the part of the father, but this must be treated with caution. There is evidence of instances of genuine assent, impulsive or passive acquiescence. A number of brief case histories are presented describing different types of family structure and situation, precipitating factors, etc. An analysis of the cases shows that incest was not limited to one locale or social group or class, and that the effect within the family varied according to the value system, whether it was normal or marginal. In some families, incest could be accepted or assimilated, while in others the disclosure broke up the relationship, or the family, and was accompanied with guilt and remorse. The point is made that in some families early incest barriers were not well established, with consequent continuing attachment to sexual objects within the family. Socialization was incomplete to the point that what is generally considered abnormal was acceptable. In other situations, predisposing factors like the absence of the wife, provocative attitude of the daughter, alcoholism, depression of the father played an important part. The traumatic effects of incest on the daughter are discussed. Early sexual relations tend to affect both physical and mental balance; equally important is the restriction of normal social contacts. There is growing jealousy and possessiveness on the part of the father, which usually results in a disclosure of incest. The conclusion is that incest is not related to one factor, but to a congregation in which the social must be taken into account, as no human behaviour is ever completely intelligible from the light of individual psychopathology.

L'approche multidisciplinaire des problèmes de la criminologie:

La criminologie moderne est en pleine evolution sous le triple rapport des idees directrices, des problemes etudies, et des m6thodes de recherche. D’ou, naturellement, des controverses entre les repr6sentants de tendances divergentes. L’un des themes de discussion se rapporte a 1’orientation g6n6rale de la recherche. Faut-il donner la priorite aux problèmes ou aux methodes ? Ce dilemme a ete bien analyse par Hermann Mannheim dans son recent

Centre International de Criminologie Comparée

La reaction sociale contre le crime s’incarne dans les institutions d’administration publique qui constituent une partie importante de l’appareil 6tatique. Leurs buts sont d’assurer une protection maximum du public au cout minimum pour le contribuable. L’ajustement de ces institutions, qui sont parmi les plus anciennes et les plus traditionnelles dans chaque soci6t6 (tribunaux, police, services correctionnels, activit6s 16gislatives des parlements), demeure un element capital de 1’equilibre politique de toutes les nations.

Recent Trends in the Teaching of Criminology

The education of criminologists is the problem of the day. The Vth French Congress which took place in Tours in October 1964 devoted its particular attention to it. The same concern prompted the American Society for Criminology to examine the most recent initiatives in that field at its annual meeting held in Montreal in December 1964. Furthermore, 62 American national organizations comprehending all those which are concerned with the various fields of criminology met at Arden House, near New York, in July 1964 to study the formation of professional workers in criminology. In January, 1965 a bill was presented to the American Congress to the effect of appointing a commission which would, after three years’ study, make recomniendations about the training of personnel in criminology and corrections. The increasing interest which followed the UNESCO report on the teaching on criminology prepared by Mr. Pinatel in 1956, will revolutionize the traditional structure of university teaching of criminology, in Europe as well as in North-America. The monopoly assumed by the traditional disciplines will be shalcen and new structures are already being set up. These changes will not be achieved without some tensions and conflicts, but this has always been true of innovations. We will briefly sketch the problems facing the teaching of criminology and as an example will give a detailed description of the experience of the University of Montreal in that field. 1

Société de masse et inadaptations psycho-culturelles

Denis Szabo : Massengesellschaft und Erscheinungen der psycho-kulturellen Nichtanpassung. ; Die gegenseitige Einwirkung von Massengesellschaft un Massenkultur schafft neuartige Probleme der Anpassung. Die Erscheinungen der Nichtanpassung sind immer weniger sozio-kultureller, dafur aber immer mehr psycho-kultureller Art, was Konsequenzen auf dem Gebiete der Theorie und der Begriffsbildung hat. Was die empirische Forschung angeht, so soil die gegenseitige Einwirkung von Kultur und Personlichkeit analysiert werden.