Dennis M. Brown

STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATION OF STEROIDAL AMINE TERATOGENS

I. ABSTRACT Derivatives of jervine and 11-deoxojervine were tested for teratogenic activity in the hamster. Interpretation of the results is based on structure-activity correlation. Testing derivatives altered in the steroid ring suggests that these compounds act as steroid hormone blocking agents. Testing muldamines suggests a rigid side chain portion of the steroid may not be required for potency. The substituent effects for N-substituted jervines were, in order of decreasing activity, CHO ≃ H ≃ CH3 > n-Bu > Ac > (CH3)2I-. This order of activity indicates that an imino function was not required for substantial teratogenicity, and that a negative center such as an amide carbonyl may function similar to the amino group in teratogens. Two compounds having the (22S, 25R)-solanidanine configuration were about similarly active to jervine. Compounds of (22S, 25S) and (22R, 25S) configurations produced increases in resorption without a significant incidence of malformations. The conformation of nitrogen in these compounds was used to explain the differences in activity. Findings support the hypothesis that highly teratogenic compounds present a negatively charged center accessible to the steroid α face.

Moving Rural Residents to Work: Lessons from Eight Job Access and Reverse Commute Projects

Rural areas present special challenges for meeting the transportation needs of individuals, especially people without cars. Congress established the Job Access and Reverse Commute (JARC) program in 1998 to assist states and localities in developing transportation services to connect welfare recipients and other low-income residents to jobs and other support programs. There are key results of a study examining eight rural areas receiving JARC funding in Fiscal Year 1999. Specific program elements include the implementation process, transportation services provided, and solutions developed to deal with the challenges of distance and low population densities that rural transit systems frequently face.

Part 2: Rural Public and Intercity Bus: Moving Rural Residents to Work

Rural areas present special challenges for meeting the transportation needs of individuals, especially people without cars. Congress established the Job Access and Reverse Commute (JARC) program in 1998 to assist states and localities in developing transportation services to connect welfare recipients and other low-income residents to jobs and other support programs. There are key results of a study examining eight rural areas receiving JARC funding in Fiscal Year 1999. Specific program elements include the implementation process, transportation services provided, and solutions developed to deal with the challenges of distance and low population densities that rural transit systems frequently face.

Opportunities and Challenges for Rural Transit: Lessons Learned From the Job Access and Reserve Commute Program

Rural areas present special challenges for meeting the transportation needs of individuals, especially people without cars. Recognizing this, the Job Access and Reverse Commute (JARC) program was established in 1998 to assist states and localities develop transportation services to connect welfare recipients and other low-income residents to jobs and other support programs. This study documents case studies of eight rural areas receiving JARC funding in 1999. The report highlights specific program elements, including the implementation process, transportation services provided, and the solutions developed to deal with the challenges of distance and low population densities that rural transit systems frequently face.