Dewi Susanna

Standard Deviational Ellipse (SDE) models for malaria surveillance, case study: Sukabumi district-Indonesia, in 2012

Background Sukabumi District has been a malaria endemic area for 8 years. In 2004 an outbreak of malaria occurred, and more than 250 positive malaria cases are reported every year. Malaria surveillance data is still in the form of tabular data [1], therefore it is necessary to find models to support the malaria surveillance, based on spatial mapping and analysis with the use of Standard Deviational Ellipse (SDE) models. Malaria distribution maps are a strategy to target resource distribution and to focus the control program [2].

The longevity of Anopheles sundaicus in a small area: Nongsa Pantai Villages, Batam City, Indonesia

Results The life span (longevity) of An. sundaicus in Nongsa Pantai Village ranged from 7.22 to 9.39 with 8.39 in average as shown in Table 1. Anophelines go through four stages in their life cycle: egg, larva, pupa, and adult The first three stages are aquatic and last 5-14 days, depending on the species and the ambient temperature. The female Anopheles is not immediately infective after taking a blood meal and the parasite requires a period of time within the mosquito for its development to an infective stage. The period is termed the extrinsic incubation period [3]. A mosquito needs at least two feedings to complete one transmission cycle [4]. This parameter is strongly dependent on actual air average temperature. It may range from 8 days at 31°C to 22 days at 20°C (the mean value commonly used reaches 15 days). In Berlin, [5] probable extrinsic incubation time 21-24 days calculated for P. falciparum[2]. Theoretically, the time required for malaria transmission is at least 13-24 days under control of local temperature and humidity. That can be described as follows: 4-14 day for development from egg to pupae, and the extrinsic incubation period (EIP) ranged 8-10 days assuming the mosquito takes a blood meal directly from an infected person. The longevity of An. sundaicus in this area might transmit malaria when

The changed occupation and behavioral among imported malaria cases 2009-2011 in Sukabumi District-West Java, Indonesia.

Materials and methods The subjects were imported malaria cases that were collected from the Health Center in 4 Sub-district in Sukabumi District for the year 2009 to 2011, and 145 subjects were interviewed in their house using structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed descriptively to describe the distribution of the cases in terms of sex, occupation and the practice in preventing the transmission of malaria.

Imported malaria cases in Sukabumi District-West Java Indonesia, in 2012.

Background Sukabumi District is located in the southern area of West Java province. In 2004, a malaria outbreak occurred, 785 cases were reported and 8 of them died. During the last 3 years, the incidence of malaria has been constantly high. In 2009, 290 cases were reported while in 2010 and 2011, there were 316 and 273 cases reported. The malaria cases occurred in 14 sub districts out of 47 sub districts in Sukabumi District area[1]. The malaria endemic in Sukabumi District indicates a very low impact of the malaria elimination program in the district. Therefore it is a necessity to identify the characteristics and transmission of malaria in Sukabumi District as basis for the future malaria elimination program.

Sustainable planning in a malaria vector control program: a study in Pesawaran, Indonesia

Background One effective way to control malaria is through vector control [1,2]. Pesawaran is a malaria endemic area with a number of Annual Parasite Incidence (API) of 2.97. [3] The formulation of vector control programs in endemic areas should consider the principles of sustainability [4]. The purpose of this study is to formulate the concept of the development of malaria vector control programs in Pesawaran considering sustainability principles.

Intestinal Parasitic Worm Infections among Food Handlers in the Canteens of a University

This research aims to identify intestinal parasitic worm infections in food handlers and to assess the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of respondents based on the Five Keys to Safer Food manual [21]. The research design isdescriptive analytic and usesthe variables knowledge, attitude, behavior, and intestinal parasitic worm infections. A purposive sampling method was applied to determine the population and sample. The sample consisted of 99 food handlers from 16 locations in the canteens of University X in Depok, West Java, Indonesia. The results showed that four respondents had an intestinal parasitic worm infection: Trichuristrichiura (3 respondents) and Hymenolepis diminuta (1respondent). The assessment of the respondents’ knowledge, attitude, and behavior was predominantly in the category ‘unsatisfactory’: knowledge was rated unsatisfactory for 54% of respondents, attitude was rated unsatisfactory for 46%, and behavior was rated unsatisfactory for 57%. Respondents found to be infected were reported to the management team at the university that carries out follow-up action. It is important to conduct routine inspections related to sanitation, to provide regular hygiene education in all canteens, and to create a certification program to improve the quality of sanitation and hygiene.

Effect of Stress on Hypertension in Individuals Older than 45 Years of Age in the Salted Fish Industry Area of Palembang in 2016

Stress can affect a variety of diseases, including hypertension. This study aimed to evaluate the stress factor as a determinant of hypertension in individuals > 45 years of age. A cross-sectional design was used with 37 respondents, and the measured variables included the level of stress, blood pressure, and other factors by interview. A multiple logistic regression was used for the data analysis. The results showed that stress was not related to hypertension (OR: 0.02, 95% CI: 0.001 to 0.419) after controlling for smoking, fatty food consumption, physical activity, salted fish consumption, the body mass index, and sex. In conclusion, there was no relationship between stress and hypertension in those individuals older than 45 years of age in the salted fish industry area of Palembang.

Perceived effectiveness of pictorial health warnings on changes in smoking behaviour in Asia: a literature review

BackgroundSeveral Asian countries have implemented pictorial health warnings on cigarette packs as suggested by the World Health Organization with various policies based on countries’ systems. The study is aimed to analyse multiple research studies on the perceived effectiveness of Pictorial Health Warnings as a deterrent to smoking intention and as a stimulant of smoking behaviour in smokers and non-smokers in Asian countries.MethodPeer-reviewed articles were identified through multiple science databases indexed by Scopus, MEDLINE or PubMed. The review was limited to articles that reported original research findings, were conducted in Asian countries and were available for review by January 2010. A PRISMA Flow diagram was used to identify the articles through the process of data screening and extractions.ResultA total of 14 original articles which met the criteria were included in the review, consisting of 12 quantitative studies and 2 studies with both quantitative and qualitative methods from 17 jurisdictions. The reviewed studies found that pictorial health warnings were associated with a greater perception of salience (reading and noticing the warning), emotional effects, and cognitive increase. Additionally, in the reviewed studies, pictorial health warnings were perceived as more effective in deterring smoking initiation and encouraging smoking cessation than text-only warnings. Several studies also evaluated the effectiveness of a new pictorial warning compared with the old one. However, the relevance of refreshing the pictures of pictorial health warnings and the length of the effective period of the implementation of pictorial health warnings were less frequently studied.ConclusionPictorial health warnings perceived as more effective in deterring smoking initiation among non-smokers and as well as in stimulating smoking cessation among smokers. Future studies on pictorial health warnings should study the relevance of changing or refreshing pictorial health warning on cigarette packages in a period of time.

Escherichia coli contamination of babies’ food-serving utensils in a district of West Sumatra, Indonesia

Background: Contamination of baby’s complementary food may occur with Escherichia coli from several sources including unclean utensils. We examined the relationship between socio-economic conditions, environmental factors, characteristics of food handlers and contamination of babies food-serving utensils with E. coli. Methods: The study was conducted in 21 villages of the Community Health Centre (CHC) Selayo in Indonesia. A cross-sectional design was used. A sample of 142 households, which had a 6-12 month-old baby on complementary food, was chosen randomly using midwives’ registration books. Respondents were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Check-lists were used for observations. Standard laboratory methods were used for collection of specimen and confirmation of contamination with E. coli. Results: More than half of the respondents (59.2%) used water that had high risk of contamination and 61.3% of the latrines did not meet the criteria of a healthy latrine. Waste management practices of nearly all respondents (97.9%) were below the standards set by the Ministry of Health. More than half of the respondents (68.3%) did not wash their hands with soap for 20 seconds and 52.1% did not use flowing water for washing hands. Majority of the respondents’ hands (57%, 81/142) and 72.2% (104/142) of the eating utensils were found to be contaminated by E. coli. Contaminated hands of food handlers were more likely to contaminate the babies food-serving utensils (OR: 3.7; 95%CI: 1.62-8.46, p 0.002). Conclusion: Contamination of the hands of food handler was associated with contamination of babies food-serving utensils by E. coli. Hence, food handlers should be trained on proper hand washing methods.

The relationship between knowledge of malaria transmission and malaria prevention and the risk of malaria infection in the coastal region of Batam City in Indonesia

Methods The study was conducted in coastal region the coastal region of Batam City in Indonesia, using crossectional design. This research had got the subject 170 in total included cases and non-cases. The case detection based on the microscopy examination. Then, the subjects were asked using a structured questionnaire consisted of 22 questions regarding the knowledge, perception, and practice everything about malaria. The obtained data was managed based on the median of the all answers and then categorized as good and bad knowledge. The collected data analyzed using c test and spatial analyses using nearest neighbours by Thiessen polygons analysis [1].